Marskal af Frankrig

Moderne marskalstav med den latinske inskription Terror belli, decus pacis, udstillet på Musée de l'Armée.

Marskal af Frankrig (Maréchal de France) var oprindeligt et af de højeste militære embeder i Frankrig, og fungerede i middelalderen som stedfortræder for connétable de France. Embedet (marescallus Franciae) blev oprettet i 1190 af kong Philip 2. for Albéric Clément.

I nyere tid blev marskal af Frankrig til en ærestitel med højere rang end connétable. Frem til revolutionen blev der udnævnt 256 marskaller af Frankrig indtil titlen blev afskaffet af nationalforsamlingen i 1793.

Under Napoleon Bonapartes styre blev der udnævnt en række marskaler af imperiet, men efter Bourbon-restaurationen blev den gamle titel marskal af Frankrig genindført, og Napoleon III valgte at beholde denne titel da han senere kom til magten. Seks marskaler fik tildelt den endnu højere rang generalmarskal: Biron, Lesdiguières, Turenne, Villars, Moritz af Sachsen og Soult.

I det moderne Frankrig bruges titlen marskal som en militær udmærkelse, og er ikke længere en grad. Den gives til generaler for ekstraordinære fortjenester. Dens symbol er en blå marskalstav med stjerner (før revolutionen var den udsmykket med fleurs-de-lis).

Philippe Pétain modtog titlen for sin indsats under 1. verdenskrig, og han beholdt den selv efter at han var blevet fængslet af Charles de Gaulle i slutningen af 2. verdenskrig.

Den sidste marskal af Frankrig der blev udnævnt i levende live var Alphonse Pierre Juin, som blev udnævnt i 1952 og som døde i 1967. I 1984 blev Marie-Pierre Koenig udnævnt posthumt

Marskaller af Frankrig (udvalg)

Denne liste er ufuldstændig; hjælp gerne med at udfylde den.

Se også

Litteratur

  • Christophe Brun, Geneviève Maze-Sencier: Dictionnaire des maréchaux de France. Du Moyen Âge à nos Jours. – Paris: Perrin, 2001. – ISBN 2-262-01735-2
  • Louis Chardigny: Les Maréchaux de Napoléon. – Paris: Tallandier, 2003. – ISBN 2-84734-087-4
  • Jacques Demougin: Les Maréchaux de Napoléon. – Trésor du patrimoine, 2003. – ISBN 2-915118-02-7
  • Jacques Jourquin: Dictionnaire des maréchaux du Premier Empire: dictionnaire analytique, statistique et comparé des vingt-six maréchaux. – Christian / Jas, 1999
  • Vincent Rolin: Les aides de camp de Napoléon et des maréchaux sous le Premier Empire (1804–1815). – Editions Napoléon Ier, 2005. – ISBN 2-9519539-4-1

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