Kulak

Plakat fra 1930:
Kulakkerne fra kolkhozerne

Kulakker (russisk: кулак, tr. Kulak; ukrainsk: kуркуль, tr. kurkul; dansk: ~ knytnæve allegorisk påholdende eller opkøber, udbytter, storbonde)[1] var relativt velhavende bønder i det sene Russiske Kejserrige, Russiske SFSR, og tidlige Sovjetunionen. Ordet kulak betegnede oprindeligt uafhængige bønder i det russiske kejserrige, der var blevet velhavende som følge af Stolypin-reformerne, der indførtes i 1906. Betegnelsen kulakker omfattede fra 1918 også bønder, der modsatte sig at overdrage korn til sovjetafdelinger fra Moskva, der skulle sikre forsørgelsen af byerne.[2] Under den Stalin ledede kampagne for kollektivisering 1929-1933, betragtedes "bønder med et par køer eller fem eller seks hektar mere end deres naboer" som "kulakker".[3]

Ifølge den marxistisk-leninistiske teori i det tidlige 20. århundrede var kulakkerne de fattigere bønders klassefjender.[4] Vladimir Iljitj Lenin beskrev dem som "blodsugere, vampyrer, plyndringsmænd og profitmagere, der er blevet fede på bekostning af de fattige bønder og de sultende arbejdere."[5][6] Målet for den marxistisk-leninistiske revolution var at befri de fattige bønder og landarbejdere ved siden af proletariatet. Hertil kommer, at planøkonomien under den sovjetiske bolsjevisme forudsatte kollektivisering af bedrifter og jord for at tillade industrialisering og omstilling til storstilet landbrugsproduktion. I praksis gennemførte embedsmænd ekspropriation af kulakkernes gårde; Følgen blev Holodomor, en systemskabt hungersnød og folkedrab, der kostede millioner af mennesker livet i Ukraine. Kulakker, der satte sig til væbnet modværge, blev enten forflyttet, dømt til deportation til arbejdslejre eller dræbt i kamp mod de sovjetiske myndigheder.[4][7]

Kilder

  1. ^ Den Danske Ordbog: opslag: kulak, hentet 1. mats 2015
  2. ^ Richard Pipes (1. september 2001). Communism: A Brief History. Random House Digital, Inc. s. 39–. ISBN 978-0-679-64050-9. Hentet 7. januar 2013.
  3. ^ Robert Conquest (1. marts 2001). Reflections on a Ravaged Century. W. W. Norton & Company. s. 94. ISBN 978-0-393-32086-2. Hentet 3. januar 2013.
  4. ^ a b Robert Conquest (1986) The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505180-7.
  5. ^ David Rubinstein (2001). Culture, Structure and Agency: Toward a Truly Multidimensional Sociology. SAGE Publications. s. 69–. ISBN 978-0-7619-1928-5.
  6. ^ Comrade Workers, Forward To The Last, Decisive Fight!
  7. ^ Mikhail Gorbachev. Memoirs, 769 pages. Publisher: Doubleday; 1st ed edition (September 1, 1996) ISBN 0-385-48019-9

Read other articles:

Ali Yavar Jung

Nawab Ali Yavar Jung (Februari 1906 – 11 Desember 1976) adalah seorang diplomat India berpengaruh. Ia adalah gubernur negara bagian Maharashtra dari 1971 sampai 1976. Ia lahir di Hyderabad dari sebuah keluarga cendekiawan, administrator dan pengajar Hyderabadi berpengaruh, dan belajar di Queen's College, Oxford,[1] meraih sebuah gelar dalam bidang Sejarah. Lihat pula Zehra Ali Yavar Jung Referensi ^ Shri W.A. Sangma (14 December 1976). Obituary References (Speech). Meghalaya Le...

 

العلاقات البوروندية السيشلية

العلاقات البوروندية السيشلية بوروندي سيشل   بوروندي   سيشل تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات البوروندية السيشلية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين بوروندي وسيشل.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة بو�...

 

Yakovlev Yak-152

Cet article est une ébauche concernant un aéronef, le domaine militaire et la Russie. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Yakovlev Yak-152 Rôle avion d'entraînement Premier vol 29 septembre 2016 Équipage 2 Motorisation Moteur RED Aircraft A03T Puissance unitaire 500 CH Dimensions Envergure 8,8 m Longueur 7,8 m Hauteur 3,11 m Surface alaire 12,9 m2 Masses Maximale 1 490&#...

Jamal Zahalka

Jamal Zahalka Faksi yang diwakili dalam Knesset Informasi pribadiLahir11 Januari 1955 (umur 69)Kafr Qara, IsraelSunting kotak info • L • B Dr Jamal Zahalka (Arab: جمال زحالقةcode: ar is deprecated , Ibrani: ג'מאל זחאלקה; lahir 11 Januari 1955) adalah seorang politikus Arab-Israel. Ia menjabat sebagai anggota Knesset untuk Balad antara 2003 dan 2019, dan menjadi ketua parpol tersebut antara 2007 dan 2019. Pranala luar Jamal Zahalka di situs web Knesse...

 

Синелобый амазон

Синелобый амазон Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:ЗавропсидыКласс:Пт�...

 

Cygnus (constellation)

Constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere CygnusConstellationList of stars in CygnusAbbreviationCygGenitiveCygniPronunciation/ˈsɪɡnəs/, genitive /ˈsɪɡnaɪ/Symbolismthe Swan or Northern CrossRight ascension20.62h Declination+42.03°QuadrantNQ4Area804 sq. deg. (16th)Main stars9Bayer/Flamsteedstars84Stars with planets97Stars brighter than 3.00m4Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly)1Brightest starDeneb (α Cyg) (1.25m)Messier objects2Meteor showersOctober CygnidsKappa CygnidsB...

Saint Patrick Visitor Centre

Modern exhibition complex in Northern Ireland Saint Patrick Visitor Centre, February 2010 Saint Patrick Visitor Centre, February 2010 Saint Patrick Visitor Centre, St Patrick's Day, March 2010 The Saint Patrick Visitor Centre is a modern exhibition complex located in Downpatrick, County Down, Northern Ireland. It is a permanent interpretative exhibition centre featuring interactive displays on the life and story of Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. It provides the only permanent exh...

 

Elyanna

Palestinian-Chilean singer and songwriter ElyannaElyanna in 2022Background informationBirth nameElian MarjiehBorn (2002-01-22) January 22, 2002 (age 22)Nazareth, IsraelGenres Alternative pop Arabic Pop Arabic Traditional Music Urban Occupation(s) Singer songwriter Years active2019–presentLabelsUniversal Arabic MusicWebsiteelyanna.comMusical artist Elian Marjieh (born January 22, 2002),[1] known professionally as Elyanna, is a Palestinian-Chilean singer-songwriter. She has relea...

 

Funeral (Lil Wayne album)

2020 studio album by Lil WayneFuneralStudio album by Lil WayneReleasedJanuary 31, 2020Recorded2016–2019GenreHip hop[1]Length76:04Label Young Money Republic Producer Aaron Z Alex Delicata B Ham Ben Billions Benny Wond3r Bijan Amir Blue Cheeze Bobby Keyz Brandon Finessin Charlie Handsome Chill Shump Cool & Dre Dunk Rock Kamo Loctor Duke LostKidSamy Louis Haze Jahlil Beats Javar Rockamore Mannie Fresh Manny Galvez Mike Will Made It MonstaBeatz Murda Beatz Prxz Rex Cudo R!O ...

El Mina, Lebanon

City in Lebanon City of Waves and Horizon in North GovernorateEl-Mina الميناءCity of Waves and Horizon SealEl-MinaLocation within LebanonCoordinates: 34°26.82′N 35°49.07′E / 34.44700°N 35.81783°E / 34.44700; 35.81783Country LebanonGovernorateNorth GovernorateDistrictTripoli DistrictPopulation[citation needed] • Total150,000Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Dialing code+961-6Websitehttps://elminacity.org/ ...

 

土库曼斯坦总统

土库曼斯坦总统土库曼斯坦国徽土库曼斯坦总统旗現任谢尔达尔·别尔德穆哈梅多夫自2022年3月19日官邸阿什哈巴德总统府（Oguzkhan Presidential Palace）機關所在地阿什哈巴德任命者直接选举任期7年，可连选连任首任萨帕尔穆拉特·尼亚佐夫设立1991年10月27日 土库曼斯坦土库曼斯坦政府与政治 国家政府 土库曼斯坦宪法 国旗 国徽 国歌 立法機關（英语：National Council of Turkmenistan） ...

 

1995–96 IHL season

Sports season1995-96 IHL seasonLeagueInternational Hockey LeagueSportIce hockeyNumber of games82Number of teams19Regular seasonFred A. Huber TrophyLas Vegas ThunderSeason MVPStéphane Beauregard (Spiders)Top scorerRob Brown (Wolves)PlayoffsPlayoffs MVPTommy Salo (Grizzlies)Turner CupChampionsUtah Grizzlies  Runners-upOrlando Solar BearsSeasons← 1994–951996–97 → The 1995–96 IHL season was the 51st season of the International Hockey League, a North American minor ...

Presidente emerito della Repubblica Italiana

Questa voce o sezione sugli argomenti diritto costituzionale e politica non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Stendardo del presidente emerito (mod. 2001) Presidente emerito della Repubblica Italiana è il titolo onorifico che assumono i presidenti della Repubblica una volta terminato il loro ma...

 

Trại tập trung Dachau

Quân Mỹ gác cổng vào trại Dachau ngay sau giải phóng Trại tập trung Dachau (tiếng Đức: Konzentrationslager (kz) Dachau, IPA: [daxaʊ]) là trại tập trung đầu tiên do Đức Quốc xã mở tại Đức, nằm trên phần đất của một nhà máy sản xuất đạn dược bị bỏ hoang gần thị trấn thời Trung cổ Dachau, khoảng 16 km (9,9 mi) phía tây bắc của Munich ở bang Bayern, nằm ở miền nam nước Đức. Khai trư�...

 

مجرات ماركاريان

خريطة للسماء تبين مواقع مجرات ماركاريان النطاق الأبيض يمثل درب التبانة مجرات ماركاريان مجرات ماركاريان هي فئة من المجرات التي لها نواة مجرة نشطة مع كميات كبيرة من انبعاثات الأشعة فوق البنفسجية مقارنة مع المجرات الأخرى. أول من لفت الانتباه إلى هذه الأنواع من المجرات الفيز�...

Eduardo Mondlane University

University in Mozambique Eduardo Mondlane UniversityPortuguese: Universidade Eduardo MondlaneTypePublicEstablished21 August 1962[1]RectorManuel Guilherme Júnior, PhD[2]Students39,078 (2015)[3]Undergraduates35,809Postgraduates3,207Doctoral students62LocationMaputo, Mozambique25°58′00″S 32°35′00″E / 25.9667°S 32.5833°E / -25.9667; 32.5833AffiliationsAAU[4]Websitewww.uem.mz The Eduardo Mondlane University (Portuguese: Universid...

 

Ryan Bertrand

Ryan Bertrand Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Ryan Dominic Bertrand[1]Tanggal lahir 5 Agustus 1989 (umur 34)Tempat lahir Southwark, London, InggrisTinggi 1,79 m (5 ft 10+1⁄2 in)[2][3]Posisi bermain Bek kiriInformasi klubKlub saat ini Manchester CityNomor 5Karier junior0000–2005 Gillingham2005–2006 ChelseaKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2006– Chelsea 28 (0)2006 → Bournemouth (pinjaman) 5 (0)2007–2008 → Oldham Athletic (pinjaman) ...

 

Peggy Crewe-Milnes

20th-century English justice of the peace Peggy Crewe-MilnesPortrait of Margaret (Peggy) Crewe-Milnes, Marchioness of Crewe, by Glyn PhilpotBornMargaret Etienne Hannah Primrose(1881-01-01)1 January 1881Died13 March 1967(1967-03-13) (aged 86)Other namesPeggy Crewe-MilnesSpouse Robert Offley Ashburton Crewe-Milnes ​ ​(m. 1899; died 1945)​Children2; including Mary Crewe-MilnesParentsArchibald Philip Primrose (father)Hannah Primrose, Count...

Transbay Tube

Underwater rail tunnel under San Francisco Bay Transbay TubeView into a bored tunnel towards the direction of the Transbay TubeOverviewLine Y  Yellow Line B  Blue Line G  Green Line R  Red LineLocationSan Francisco Bay, California, USCoordinatesOakland portal:37°48′32″N 122°18′58″W / 37.80889°N 122.31611°W / 37.80889; -122.31611SystemBay Area Rapid TransitStartEmbarcadero station, San FranciscoEndWest Oakland station,...

 

Whirlpool

Body of rotating water produced by the meeting of opposing currents This article is about the water movement. For the American home appliances manufacturer, see Whirlpool Corporation. For other uses, see Whirlpool (disambiguation). The Gulf of Corryvreckan whirlpool in Scotland is the third-largest whirlpool in the world. A whirlpool is a body of rotating water produced by opposing currents or a current running into an obstacle.[1][clarification needed] Small whirlpools form w...