Kompositum

Et kompositum (i flertal komposita; også sammensat ord, sammensætning eller i bredere forstand sammensat ordforbindelse) er en ordtype, der opstår ved sammensætning af to eller flere led, der hver især selv er et selvstændigt ord (f.eks. sommerfugl, der er sammensat af ordene sommer og fugl). Tilsvarende bruges betegnelserne komposition eller ordsammensætning om det fænomen, at et kompositum dannes. Komposition er meget udbredt på germanske sprog som dansk, tysk og nederlandsk, mens det er mere sjældent på romanske sprog som fransk, italiensk og spansk.

De enkelte led, som et kompositum består af, kan tilhøre samme ordklasse (f.eks. køjeseng og computerskærm) eller forskellige ordklasser (f.eks. køreskole og sammensætte). Begrebet omfatter sædvanligvis ikke ord, der opstår ved påsætning af præfikser og suffikser, da disse tilføjelser ikke udgør selvgyldige ord. Ord som benægte og samarbejde er således ikke komposita. Visse sammensatte forled kan dog over tid blive til et præfiks.[1]

Sammensætning af ord kan skabe lange ord. På dansk er set ordet "værdipapirfinansieringstransaktionseksponering"[2] og "investeringsforvaltningsholdingvirksomhed".[3] På engelsk er set "pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis".[4]

Dansk

Komposita dannes produktivt på dansk, dvs. de kan dannes og forstås ad hoc. Der findes forskellige mulige betydningsrelationer mellem de sammensatte led. Mange af dem er gennemskuelige, men nogle komposita kan være tvetydige eller udvikle bestemte betydninger der ikke nødvendigvis kan udledes af deres dele.

På dansk skrives komposita altid uden mellemrum. Når ordet fejlagtigt deles i to eller flere enkeltord, er der tale om særskrivning. På engelsk er udgangspunktet derimod, at leddene står hver for sig.

Fugeelementer

Se også Se også: Fugebogstav.

På dansk benyttes der ofte, men langtfra altid, et fugeelement mellem de forskellige led i et kompositum.

  • e, fx hund-e-hus.
  • s, fx land-s-by.
  • n, fx rose-n-brød.

Fugeelementer kan skille betydningen af ellers homografe ord, for eksempel land-s-mænd versus land-mænd.[5]

I nogle til fælde kan forskellige niveauer af sammensætninger have betydning for om der er et fugeelement. For eksempel vinglas (uden -s-, ikke vinsglas) og rødvinsglas (med -s- mellem vin og glas).[6]

Fonetik

Sammensætning udtrykkes også ofte ved fonetisk reduktion:

  • Stødtab, fx [ˈfulkoɐ̯ˀn] fuldkorn af [ˈfulˀ] fuld og [ˈkoɐ̯ˀn] korn.
  • Vokalforkortelse, fx [ˈisbiːˀl] isbil af [ˈiːˀs] is og [ˈbiːˀl] bil.
  • Tryktab, fx [ɛfdɐˈhʌnˀn̩] efterhånden af [ˈɛfdɐ] efter og [ˈhʌnˀn̩] hånden.
  • e-tab, fx kronprins af krone og prins, eller bagværk af bage og værk.

Bøjning

Det er normalt kun sidste led der bøjes. En undtagelse er barnebarn/børnebørn, hvor også første led bøjes afhængig af grammatisk tal.

Se også

Referencer

  1. ^ Puggaard, Rasmus (15. december 2020). "Grammar of Giants: Late-stage debonding of kæmpe 'giant' in Danish". Scandinavian Studies in Language. 11 (2): 21. doi:10.7146/sss.v11i2.123476. Hentet 1. december 2022.
  2. ^ "Den Europæiske Centralbanks udtalelse af 8. november 2017 om ændringer til EU's ramme for kapitalkrav til kreditinstitutter og investeringsselskaber", Den Europæiske Unions Tidende, 31. januar 2018Wikidata Q83423477
  3. ^ Forslag til Lov om ændring af lov om finansiel virksomhed og forskellige andre love
  4. ^ Ika Trisnawati; Eko Budiono; Sumardi; Andang Setiadi (1. juli 2015), "Traumatic Inhalation due to Merapi Volcanic Ash.", Acta Medica Indonesiana, 47 (3): 238-243, PMID 26586390Wikidata Q34674494
  5. ^ Erik Hansen; Lars Heltoft (11. februar 2019), Grammatik over det Danske Sprog, Grammatik over det Danske Sprog, 2. udgave, vol. 1, Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag, Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab, s. 259, ISBN 978-87-7533-044-7Wikidata Q61715426
  6. ^ Laila Kjærbæk; Hans Basbøll (25. oktober 2017), "Compound nouns in Danish child language", Nominal Compound Acquisition: 39-62, doi:10.1075/LALD.61.03KJAWikidata Q131438584

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