Y Chwyldro Diwydiannol

Cynllun 1835 o'r "mul troellog" gan Richard Roberts (1789–1864), dyfeisydd systemau otomatig a masgynhyrchu yng ngwledydd Prydain.
Portread Robert Owen gan John Cranch, 1845

Cyfnod o newid mewn cymdeithas a datblygiad diwydiant a ddechreuodd yn y ddeunawfed ganrif oedd y Chwyldro Diwydiannol. Dyfeisiwyd y peiriant stêm gan James Watt ac adeiladu ffatrïoedd. Roedd eisiau tanwydd (glo) i weithio'r peiriannau ac yr oedd llawer o adnoddau megis haearn yn cael eu defnyddio i gynhyrchu llawer o nwyddau.

Ymhlith achosion y Chwyldro Diwydiannol oedd y boblogaeth yn symud i'r trefi o'r wlad oherwydd tlodi yn yr ail ganrif ar bymtheg, cynnydd yn y boblogaeth a rhyfeloedd y 18g: Y Rhyfel Saith Mlynedd (1756 - 1763), Rhyfel Annibyniaeth America (1775 - 1783) a Rhyfeloedd Napoleon (1803 - 1815) yn dilyn y Chwyldro Ffrengig (1793 - 1802).

Dechreuodd y Chwyldro Diwydiannol yn Lloegr, ond ymledodd i wledydd eraill Ewrop ac i'r Unol Daleithiau yn y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg. Sbardynodd dyfais y 'Rocket' gan George Stephenson a lledaeniad rhwydwaith rheilfyrdd yn ogystal a'r ddyfais stêmar gan Robert Fulton newid cymdeithasol a masnachol yn y byd. O ganlyniad i'r Chwyldro Diwydiannol, cododd poblogaeth Cymru a Lloegr o 8.8 miliwn ym 1801 i 29.9 miliwn ym 1881.

Y Chwyldro Diwydiannol yng Nghymru

Golygfa diwydiannol yn Nant y Glo tua 1830

Roedd Cymru yn dal i fod yn wlad wledig ym hanner gyntaf y 18g, a hi oedd yr ail wlad lle bu'r Chwyldro Diwydiannol, gan ddilyn Lloegr. Erbyn y 19g roedd diwydiant y gogledd a'r de yn datblygu, gyda diwydiannau megis haearn, crochenwaith, plwm, glo a llechi. Ar yr un pryd, roedd technoleg amaethyddiaeth yn datblygu. Fodd bynnag, daeth De Cymru yn ganolfan diwydiannol pennaf y wlad yn ystod hanner cyntaf y 19g gyda'r diwydiannau dur, glo a copr.

Er mwyn trosglwyddo'r holl nwyddau cafodd ffyrdd reilffyrdd, porthladdoedd a chamlesi eu hadeiladu ledled Cymru.

Roedd Henry Hussey Vivian, Arglwydd Cyntaf Abertawe, William Thomas Lewis Arglwydd Merthyr a David Davies (Llandinam) ymhlith diwydianwyr mwyaf llwyddiannus De Cymru.

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