Šan-jü

Šan-jü (čínsky v českém přepisu šan-jü, čchan-jü[pozn. 1], pchin-jinem chányú, shànyú, znaky zjednodušené 单于, tradiční 單于) plně tcheng-li kou-tchou šan-jü[3] (čínsky v českém přepisu čcheng-li ku-tchu čchan-jü/šan-jü, pchin-jinem chēnglí gūtu chányú, znaky zjednodušené 撑犁孤涂单于, tradiční 撐犁孤塗單于, česky volně „panovník, syn Tengriho“[3]) byl ve 3. století př. n. l. – 5. století n. l. titul vládců Siung-nuů, žijících v dnešním Mongolsku a Číně severně od Velké čínské zdi.

V titulu tcheng-li znamená Tengri, nejvyšší a nebeský bůh kočovníků; kou-tchou snad syn; šan-jü je slovo patrně sogdijského původu, označující vládce.[3] Čínští kronikáři považovali titul za rovný čínské hodnosti wang (král či kníže), někdy ho však uznali i za rovného císaři (chuang-ti).

Šan-jüa vybírala siungnuská rodová aristokracie ze členů rodu Luan-tchi (欒提), zpravidla syna nebo bratra předešlého vládce, panoval doživotně. Se zánikem siungnuské říše zanikl i titul šan-jü. Panovníci Žuan-žuanů, od počátku 5. století ovládajících mongolské stepi používali nový titul kagan.

Odkazy

Poznámky

  1. ↑ Znak 單 je možno číst „čchan“, „šan“ nebo „tan“, v literatuře je tradiční čtení „šan“;[1] objevuje se i čtení „čchan“.[2]

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Chanyu na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. ↑ Např.:
    • ROUX, Jean-Paul. Dějiny střední Asie. 1. vyd. Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 2007. ISBN 978-80-7106-867-9. S. 67 a násl.. 
    • YÜ, Ying-shih. The Hsiung-nu. In: SINOR, Danis. The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1. 1. vyd. Cambridge, new York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1990. ISBN 0521243041, ISBN 9780521243049. S. 119 a násl.. (anglicky)
  2. ↑ Např.:
    • "Early Chinese Settlement Policies towards the Nomads." Pan Yihong. Asia Major, 3rd series, Vol. V, Part 2, (1992), p. 42, n. 2.
    • Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese and Early Mandarin, p. 48. (1991) Edwin G. Pulleyblank. UBC Press. Vancouver.
    • Indo-Scythian Studies being Khotanese Texts Volume VII, p. 32. (1985). H. W. Bailey. Cambridge University Press.
  3. ↑ a b c ROUX, Jean-Paul. Dějiny střední Asie. Překlad Zdeněk Müller. 1. vyd. Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 2007. ISBN 978-80-7106-867-9. S. 67. 

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