Rogue wave

Setkání tankeru s velkou vlnou v Biskajském zálivu, cca 1940

Rogue wave (plurál rogue waves) je neobvykle velká, nepředvídatelná a náhle se objevující povrchová vlna, která může být extrémně nebezpečná i pro velké lodě.[1] Na rozdíl od tsunami, které jsou na hluboké vodě téměř neznatelné a jsou způsobeny přesunem velkého množství vody vlivem jiného jevu (např. zemětřesení, či sesuv půdy), se rogue waves vyskytují i uprostřed oceánů a na hluboké vodě. Mají krátkou vlnovou délku (ke své výšce) a relativně krátké trvání.[2]

V oceánografii jsou rogue waves definovány jako vlny, které svojí výškou více než dvojnásobně přesahují signifikantní výšku (Hs – tj. střední výšku třetiny nejvyšších vln). Z tohoto důvodu nemusí být rogue wave extrémně vysoká, ale je neobvykle vysoká pro daný stav moře. Zdá se, že neexistuje jeden jediný způsob vzniku rogue waves, ale že tyhle vznikají, když se setkají vhodné podmínky (například silný vítr a silné proudy), které spojí několik menších vln v jednu obrovskou vlnu.[1] Vítr je ale klíčovou příčinou.[3]

Mohou nabývat podobu jediné vlny, vodní stěny, či dvou nebo tří vln jdoucích po sobě – takzvané tři sestry (three sisters).[4] Nemusí se vyskytovat pouze na oceánech, existuje podezření, že „tři sestry“ stály za potopením nákladní lodě Edmund Fitzgerald na Hořejším jezeře 10. listopadu 1975.[5]

V roce 2012 studie podpořila existenci rogue holes, čili inverzní rogue wave, kde naopak hloubka propadu mezi dvěma vlnami může být více než dvakrát větší, než signifikantní výška vln. Rogue holes se podařilo replikovat ve zkušebním bazénu, ale jejich existence v reálném světě nebyla potvrzena.[6]

Název

V angličtině se těmto vlnám říká rogue waves (~ ničemné/zlotřilé), freak waves (~ podivné), monster waves (~ monstrózní), episodic waves (~ epizodické), killer waves (~ zabijácké), extreme waves (~ extrémní), či abnormal waves (~ abnormální).

V češtině aktuálně (2022) neexistuje jednoznačný překlad, či název, tohoto jevu. Lze se setkat s výrazy: „ničivá vlna“,[7] „zlotřilá vlna“,[8] „extrémní vlna rouge wave“,[9] „obří vlna“,[10] či „osamocená vlna“.[11]

Obraz v kultuře

Hokusai Kacušika: Velká vlna u pobřeží Kanagawy (cca 1829–1833)
Související informace naleznete také v článku Devátá vlna.

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Rogue wave na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. a b Monsters of the deep [online]. economist.com, 2009-09-17 [cit. 2022-12-25]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  2. Facts in Motion: How Dangerous Can Ocean Waves Get? Wave Comparison na YouTube (anglicky) – cca 6:12 a 7:30
  3. Giant rogue waves: Southern Ocean expedition reveals wind as key cause. phys.org [online]. [cit. 2024-04-15]. Dostupné online. 
  4. Facts in Motion: How Dangerous Can Ocean Waves Get? Wave Comparison na YouTube (anglicky) – od 7:28
  5. THE THREE SISTERS [online]. wildernessnorth.com, 2015-12-10 [cit. 2022-12-16]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  6. CHABCHOUB, A.; HOFFMANN, N. P.; AKHMEDIEV, N. Observation of rogue wave holes in a water wave tank [online]. agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com, 2012-02-01 [cit. 2022-12-25]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  7. DEAR, I.C.B.; KEMP, Peter. Velký slovník lodí a moře: Anglicko-český slovník hesel. Praha: Triton, 2008. ISBN 978-807387-197-0. S. 510. 
  8. Satelity odhalují obrovité vlny, které potápějí lodě [online]. lode.cz [cit. 2022-12-25]. Dostupné online. 
  9. VODIČKA, Daniel. Vlny mohou zabíjet [online]. lodninoviny.cz, 2022-12-05 [cit. 2022-12-25]. Dostupné online. 
  10. Obří vlny nejsou mýtus. Oceánologové hledají jejich příčinu [online]. ct24.ceskatelevize.cz, 2010-07-07 [cit. 2022-12-26]. Dostupné online. 
  11. VODIČKA, Daniel. Největší osamocená vlna změřena v Pacifiku [online]. lodninoviny.cz, 2022-02-17 [cit. 2022-12-25]. Dostupné online. 
  12. GEORGESCU, Iulia. The great rogue wave [online]. nature.com, 2013-09-02 [cit. 2022-12-27]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  13. DUDLEY, J. M.; SARANO, V.; DIAS, F. On Hokusai's Great wave off Kanagawa: localization, linearity and a rogue wave in sub-Antarctic waters [online]. 2013-03-06 [cit. 2022-12-27]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 

Literatura

  • PARKER, Bruce. The Power of the Sea: Tsunamis, Storm Surges, Rogue Waves, and Our Quest to Predict Disasters. [s.l.]: St. Martin's Publishing Group, 2012. ISBN 9780230112247. (anglicky) 

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