Obsah GC

Obsah GC či množství GC (z anglického GC-content) je podíl guanino-cytosinového komplementárního páru (GC), typicky v rámci určité DNA. Zbylými bázemi jsou adenin (A) a thymin (T), a tak AT pár v daném genomu logicky činí zbytek do sta procent.[1] Podíl GC vazeb však standardně bývá vyšší než podíl AT vazeb.

Guanin se váže na cytosin, podobně jako adenin na thymin. Vazba mezi G a C má tři vodíkové vazby (na rozdíl od AT vazby, která má dvě), díky čemuž je GC vazba odolnější vůči vysoké teplotě.[2] Dříve se kvůli tomu mělo za to, že vyšší obsah GC mají termofilní organismy, což však bylo vyvráceno.[3]

Výpočet obsahu GC

Obsah GC se udává zejména v procentech, méně často jako poměr (tzv. G+C ratio). Výpočet obsahu GC se provádí pomocí vzorce:[4]


G+C poměr spočítáme jako:[5]

Využití

Obsah GC bází je velmi variabilní nejen na úrovni druhů, ale i v rámci jediného genomu. Některé oblasti mají vyšší obsah GC, některé nižší. Geny často mají vyšší obsah GC bází.[6]

Na úrovni jednotlivých taxonomických skupin, jako jsou například kmeny bakterií, se využívá často obsahu GC pro definici jednotlivých skupin. V systematice bakterií například kmen Actinobacteria je charakterizován jako kmen bakterií s vysokým obsahem GC.[7]

Například bakterie Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) má obsah GC 72 %.[8], kvasinka Saccharomyces cerevisiae 38 %,[9] a rostlina huseníček rolní (Arabidopsis thaliana) 36 %.[10] Hodnoty blížící se 0 % a 100 % jsou kvůli informační povaze jednotlivých bází nereálné. Velmi nízký obsah GC má například Plasmodium falciparum, a to asi 20 %.[11][12]

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku GC-content na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. ↑ Definition of GC – content on CancerWeb of Newcastle University,UK
  2. ↑ Freidfelder D. Microbial Genetics. [s.l.]: Jones and Barlett Publishers, 1990. (1st ed.). 
  3. ↑ Hurst, LD. and Merchant, AR. High Guanine-Cytosine Content is Not an Adaptation to High Temperature: A Comparative Analysis amongst Prokaryotes Proceedings: Biological Sciences, 268(466) 493-497, 2001.
  4. ↑ Madigan,MT. and Martinko JM. Brock biology of microorganisms. [s.l.]: Pearson-Prentice Hall, 2003. (10th ed.). ISBN 84-205-3679-2. 
  5. ↑ Definition of GC-ratio on Northwestern University, IL, USA. www.biochem.northwestern.edu [online]. [cit. 2008-06-24]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2010-06-20. 
  6. ↑ Bernardi, G., Isochores and the evolutionary genomics of vertebrates, Gene, 241:3-17, 2000.
  7. ↑ Taxonomy browser on NCBI
  8. ↑ Whole genome data of "Streptomyces coelicolor" A3(2) on NCBI
  9. ↑ Whole genome data of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on NCBI
  10. ↑ Whole genome data of Arabidopsis thaliana on NCBI
  11. ↑ Whole genome data of Plasmodium falciparum on NCBI
  12. ↑ Genome of Plasmodium falciparum. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 92(6): 835-841, 1997.>Full Article

Externí odkazy

Read other articles:

Kleopatra dan Kaisar

Kleopatra dan KaisarSenimanJean-Léon GérômeTahun1866MediumMinyak di atas kanvasUkuran183 cm × 129.5 cm (72 in × 51,0 in)LokasiKoleksi pribadi Kleopatra dan Kaisar (Prancis: Cléopâtre et Césarcode: fr is deprecated ), juga dikenal sebagai Kleopatra Menghadap Kaisar, adalah sebuah lukisan minyak di atas kanvas karya seniman akademik Prancis Jean-Léon Gérôme, yang dirampungkan pada tahun 1866. Pembuatan karya tersebut awalnya ditugaskan oleh n...

 

House of Councillors

Upper house of the National Diet of Japan This article is about the House of Councillors in Japan. For other uses, see House of Councillors (disambiguation). 35°40′35.5″N 139°44′40.5″E / 35.676528°N 139.744583°E / 35.676528; 139.744583 House of Councillors 参議院Sangiin211th Session of the National DietTypeTypeUpper house of the National Diet LeadershipPresidentHidehisa Otsuji, LDP (caucus: independent) since 3 August 2022 Vice PresidentHiroyuki Naga...

 

Hasanuddin University

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Hasanuddin University – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Hasanuddin UniversityUniversitas HasanuddinTypePublicEstablished10 September 1956[1]RectorJamaluddin Jompa[2]...

Northern Virginia United FC

Not to be confused with Northern Virginia FC or Virginia United FC (United States). Soccer clubNorthern Virginia United FCNickname(s)NVUFoundedJanuary 3, 2018 (January 3, 2018)StadiumCropp Metcalfe Park at Evergreen SportsplexCapacity1300OwnerBrian WelshHead CoachBrian WelshLeagueNPSLWebsiteClub website Northern Virginia United FC was an American soccer club based in Leesburg, Virginia. They use to have teams in the fourth-tier National Premier Soccer League and fifth-tier United Premier...

 

Garis waktu Buddhisme

Bagian dari seri tentangBuddhisme SejarahPenyebaran Sejarah Garis waktu Sidang Buddhis Jalur Sutra Benua Asia Tenggara Asia Timur Asia Tengah Timur Tengah Dunia Barat Australia Oseania Amerika Eropa Afrika Populasi signifikan Tiongkok Thailand Jepang Myanmar Sri Lanka Vietnam Kamboja Korea Taiwan India Malaysia Laos Indonesia Amerika Serikat Singapura AliranTradisi Buddhisme prasektarian Aliran Buddhis awal Mahāsāṃghika Sthaviravāda Aliran arus utama Theravāda Mahāyāna Vajrayāna Kons...

 

Fertility

Natural capability to produce offspring This article is about fertility in humans. For fertility of other organisms, see fecundity. For fertility of plants and soil, see Soil fertility. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: due to unclear definitions for fertility, fecundity and deri...

Andreas Brehme

German footballer (1960–2024) Andreas Brehme Brehme with Germany in 1994Personal informationDate of birth (1960-11-09)9 November 1960[1]Place of birth Hamburg, West GermanyDate of death 20 February 2024(2024-02-20) (aged 63)Place of death Munich, GermanyHeight 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s) Left-back, left wing-back, defensive midfielderYouth career1965–1978 HSV Barmbek-UhlenhorstSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1978–1980 HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst 66 (10)1980�...

 

Carson River

This article is about the river in Nevada. For the river in Australia, see Carson River (Western Australia). River in Nevada, United States Carson RiverToinahukwa (Northern Paiute)Watahshemu (Washo)Carson River at Dayton, NevadaCarson River BasinEtymologyKit CarsonNative nameToinahukwa[1] (Northern Paiute)Watahshemu[2] (Washo)LocationCountryUnited StatesStateNevadaRegioncentral Lahontan regionPhysical characteristicsSourceWest Fork Carson River &#...

 

My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman

American television talk show My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David LettermanGenreTalk showDirected by Michael Bonfiglio Mark A. Ritchie Michael Steed Presented byDavid LettermanComposerPaul ShafferCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons4No. of episodes26ProductionExecutive producers Justin Wilkes Dave Sirulnick Jon Kamen Tom Keaney Mark A. Ritchie Chris Cechin-De La Rosa Christopher Collins Lydia Tenaglia Mary Barclay Sandra Zweig Alexandra Lowry Tony He...

No Time to Kill

For the 1959 Swedish film, see No Time to Kill (film). 1993 studio album by Clint BlackNo Time to KillStudio album by Clint BlackReleasedJuly 13, 1993RecordedWestlake Studios, Los Angeles; Masterfonics, Nashville, TN and Mesa Recording, NashvilleGenreCountryLength32:25LabelRCA NashvilleProducerJames Stroud, Clint BlackClint Black chronology The Hard Way(1992) No Time to Kill(1993) One Emotion(1994) Singles from No Time to Kill A Bad GoodbyeReleased: May 3, 1993 No Time to KillReleased...

 

TLC (group)

American girl group TLCTLC in 1999; left to right: Rozonda Chilli Thomas, Tionne T-Boz Watkins, Lisa Left Eye LopesBackground informationAlso known as TLC-Skee 2nd Nature OriginAtlanta, Georgia, U.S.Genres R&B pop[1] hip hop[1] soul[1] Years active1990–presentLabelsLaFaceAristaEpic852Members Tionne T-Boz Watkins Rozonda Chilli Thomas Past members Lisa Left Eye Lopes Crystal Jones Websiteofficialtlc.com TLC is an American girl group formed in 1990 in Atlanta, Geor...

 

Water polo at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's qualification

2016 Men's Water Polo Olympic Games Qualification TournamentTournament detailsHost country ItalyVenue(s)1 (in 1 host city)Dates3–10 AprilTeams12 (from 4 confederations)Final positionsChampions HungaryRunner-up ItalyThird place SpainFourth place FranceTournament statisticsMatches played42Goals scored785 (18.69 per match) Water polo at the2016 Summer OlympicsQualificationmenwomenTournamentsmenwomenRostersmenwomenvte The 2016 Men's Water Polo ...

Chief of the Navy (Somalia)

Chief of the NavyTaliyaha Ciidanka Badda SoomaaliyeedCoat of arms of the Somali NavyEnsign of the NavyIncumbentCommodore Admiral Abdihamid Mohamed Dirirsince June 2020Ministry of Defense and Somali Armed ForcesStyleJaaleMember ofMinistry of DefenseReports toPrime Minister of Somalia Minister of Defence (Somalia) Chief of Armed Forces AppointerChief of Armed ForcesFormation1965First holderVice Admiral Mohammed Omar Osman The Chief of the Navy (Somali: Taaliyaha Ciidamada Badda Somaaliyee...

 

Public utility

Entity which operates public service infrastructure Utilities redirects here. For other uses, see Utility (disambiguation). The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States, the United Kingdom, and Ireland and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) InfrastructureGrand Coulee Dam Assets a...

 

ماجد بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود

ماجد بن سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود معلومات شخصية الميلاد 1929الرياض، مملكة الحجاز ونجد وملحقاتها الوفاة 27 يوليو 1969 (40 سنة)الرياض، المملكة العربية السعودية سبب الوفاة حادث سيارة  مكان الدفن مقبرة العود مواطنة السعودية  الأب سعود بن عبد العزيز آل سعود  عائلة آل سعود ...

Southwest Florida Council

Southwest Florida CouncilOwnerBoy Scouts of AmericaLocationFort Myers, FloridaCountryUnited StatesCoordinates26.5827801,-81.8762809Founded1968Scout ExecutiveCharles Vonderheid[1] Websitehttp://www.swflcouncilbsa.org Scouting portal Southwest Florida Council serves Charlotte, Collier, Lee, Manatee, Sarasota and parts of DeSoto and Hendry counties. The Southwest Florida Council was chartered in July 1968, and based on membership and units, it ranks 46th out of 306 councils in the U...

 

Declaratoria de la independencia (Uruguay)

Declaratoria de la independencia (Uruguay) Facsímil de la versión manuscrita de la Ley de IndependenciaFunción declarar la independencia de la Provincia Oriental con respecto del Reino de Portugal y el Imperio del BrasilCreación 25 de agosto de 1825 (198 años)Signatario(s) 14 diputados de la Sala de Representantes de la Provincia OrientalUbicación Palacio Legislativo del UruguayTexto completo en Wikisource[editar datos en Wikidata] En Uruguay, la expresión Declaratoria d...

 

Franco Citti

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento attori italiani non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Franco Citti nel film Il Decameron (1971) Franco Citti (Roma, 23 aprile 1935 – Fiumicino, 14 gennaio 2016) è stato un attore italiano. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Filmografia 2.1 Attore 2.1.1 Cinema 2.1.2 Tele...

Grimmiaceae

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Grimmiaceae Grimmia ovalis Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae Divisi: Bryophyta Kelas: Bryopsida Subkelas: Dicranidae Ordo: Grimmiales Famili: GrimmiaceaeArn.[1] Genera Lihat teks Grimmiaceae adalah famili lumut daun yang termasuk dalam ordo...

 

Catholic League (German)

Coalition in the Holy Roman Empire (1609–1635) Catholic LeagueKatholische Liga (German), Liga Catholica (Latin)The Marienfahne (Marian Flag), borne by Bavarian troops loyal to the Catholic League.Founders List of founder states Augsburg Bamberg Bavaria Cologne Constance Eichstätt Ellwangen Kempten Mainz Passau Speyer Straßburg Trier Worms Würzburg PresidentMaximilian, Duke of Bavaria (1609–35)Johann von Kronberg (1609–26)Georg von Greiffenklau (1626–29)Anselm von Umstadt ...