Modernita

Možná hledáte: Moderna.

Modernita či modernost (z lat. modernus, nynější, nový) je obecně současná a nedávná doba a to, co ji charakterizuje, často zejména ve smyslu nového a pokrokového. Slovo modernita se také používá jako synonymum pro novověk (období dějin zhruba od 16. století) a modernu (kulturní směry od konce 19. do druhé třetiny 20. století). V humanitních a společenských vědách slovo modernita označuje sociální a kulturní charakteristiky novověké společnosti, tedy soubor konkrétních sociokulturních norem, postojů a praktik, které vznikaly nejdříve v Evropě počínaje renesancí přes osvícenství 17. a 18. století a dobu vrcholně moderní společnosti v 19. a raném 20. století, kdy se začaly rychle šířit po celém světě (globalizace), až po současnost.

Na konci 19. a 20. století evropská politika, věda a kultura začala dominovat nejen v západní Evropě a Severní Americe, ale téměř v každé civilizované zemi světa, a měla vliv i na hnutí zaměřená proti Západu a globalizaci. Modernita je úzce spojena s rozvojem individualismu,[1]kapitalismu,[2] urbanizace[1] a s vírou v možnosti technologického a politického pokroku.[3][4] Války a další problémy této doby, z nichž mnohé vznikají vlivem rychlých změn a souvisejícího oslabení tradičních náboženských a etických norem, vedly na mnoha místech k odporu vůči modernitě.[5][6] Například optimismus a víra v neustálý pokrok byly nedávno zpochybněny postmodernismem, zatímco dominance západní Evropy a Angloameriky vyvolala kritiku postkoloniální teorie.

Podle Michela Foucaulta je „modernita“ jako historická kategorie charakterizována znaky jako je zpochybnění nebo odmítnutí tradice; upřednostňování individualismu, politických svobod a formální rovnosti; víra v nevyhnutelný sociální, vědecký a technologický pokrok; racionalizace a profesionalizace; přechod od feudalismu či agrární společnosti ke kapitalismu a tržní ekonomice; industrializace, urbanizace a sekularizace; rozvoj národního státu, zastupitelská demokracie, veřejné školství atd.[7]

Literatura

  • Adorno, Theodor W. 1973. Negative Dialectics, translated by E.B. Ashton. New York: Seabury Press; London: Routledge. (Originally published as Negative Dialektik, Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp, 1966.)
  • Almond, Gabriel Abraham; Chodorow, Marvin; Pearce, Roy Harvey (1982). Progress and Its Discontents. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520044784.
  • Bauman, Zygmunt. 1989. Modernity and the Holocaust. Cambridge: Polity Press.; Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-7456-0685-7 (Polity, cloth); ISBN 0-7456-0930-9 (Polity, 1991 pbk), ISBN 0-8014-8719-6 (Cornell, cloth), ISBN 0-8014-2397-X (Cornell, pbk).
  • Bauman, Zygmunt. 2000. "Liquid Modernity". Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN 0-7456-2409-X.
  • Berman, Marshall. 1982. All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-24602-X. London: Verso. ISBN 0-86091-785-1. Paperback reprint New York: Viking Penguin, 1988. ISBN 0-14-010962-5.
  • Calinescu, Matei. 1987. "Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism, Avant-garde, Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism". Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 0822307677.
  • Call, Lewis. 2003. Postmodern Anarchism. Lanham, Boulder, New York and Oxford: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0739105221.
  • Delanty, Gerard. 2007. "Modernity." Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, edited by George Ritzer. 11 vols. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-2433-4.
  • Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah. 2003. Comparative Civilizations and Multiple Modernities, 2 vols. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
  • Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, translated by Alan Sheridan. London: Penguin Books, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-013722-4. American edition, New York: Pantheon Books, 1978. ISBN 9780394499420. Second Vintage reprint edition, New York and Toronto: Vintage Books, 1995. ISBN 0-679-75255-2
  • Giddens, Anthony. 1998. Conversations with Anthony Giddens: Making Sense of Modernity. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3568-9 (cloth) ISBN 0-8047-3569-7 (pbk).
  • Goody, Jack (2013). Capitalism and Modernity: The Great Debate. Wiley. ISBN 9780745637990.
  • Hroch, Jaroslav; Hollan, David (1998). National, Cultural, and Ethnic Identities: Harmony Beyond Conflict. Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. ISBN 9781565181137.[page needed]
  • Ihde, Don (2009). "Technology and politics". In Olsen, Jan Kyrre Berg; Pedersen, Stig Andur; Hendricks, Vincent F. (eds.). A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology. Wiley. ISBN 9781405146012.
  • James, Paul. 2015. "They Have Never Been Modern? Then What Is the Problem with Those Persians?". In Making Modernity from the Mashriq to the Maghreb, edited by Stephen Pascoe, Virginie Rey, and Paul James, 31–54. Melbourne: Arena Publications..
  • Kennington, Richard. 2004. On Modern Origins: Essays in Early Modern Philosophy, edited by Pamela Kraus and Frank Hunt. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-0814-X (cloth); ISBN 0-7391-0815-8 (pbk).
  • Larraín, Jorge. 2000. "Identity and Modernity in Latin America". Cambridge, UK: Polity; Malden, MA: Blackwell. ISBN 0-7456-2623-8 (cloth); ISBN 0-7456-2624-6 (pbk).
  • Norris, Christopher. 1995. "Modernism." In The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, edited by Ted Honderich, 583. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866132-0.
  • Osborne, Peter. 1992. "Modernity Is a Qualitative, Not a Chronological, Category: Notes on the Dialectics of Differential Historical Time". In Postmodernism and the Re-reading of Modernity, edited by Francis *Regilme, Salvador Santino F., Jr. 2012. "Social Discipline, Democracy, and Modernity: Are They All Uniquely 'European'?". Hamburg Review of Social Sciences 6, no. 3 / 7. no. 1:94–117. (Archive from 24 May 2013, accessed 6 December 2017.)
  • Rosenau, Pauline Marie. 1992. Post-modernism and the Social Sciences: Insights, Inroads, and Intrusions. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08619-2 (cloth) ISBN 0-691-02347-6 (pbk).
  • Saul, John Ralston. 1992. Voltaire's Bastards: The Dictatorship of Reason in the West. New York: Free Press; Maxwell Macmillan International. ISBN 0-02-927725-6.
  • Smith, Terry. 2003. “Modernity”. Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. (Subscription access, accessed September 21, 2009).
  • Toulmin, Stephen Edelston. 1990. Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-932631-1. Paperback reprint 1992, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-80838-6.

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Modernity na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. a b Hroch, Hollan 1998
  2. Goody 2013
  3. Almond, Chodorow, Pearce 1982
  4. Ihde 2009, s=51
  5. Marx, Durkheim, Weber: Formations of Modern Social Thought by Kenneth L. Morrison. p. 294.
  6. William Schweiker, The Blackwell Companion to Religious Ethics. 2005. p. 454. (cf., "In modernity, however, much of economic activity and theory seemed to be entirely cut off from religious and ethical norms, at least in traditional terms. Many see modern economic developments as entirely secular.")
  7. Foucault 1977

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