Marginalizace

Žena na obrázku může být marginalizovaná jak kvůli svému vzhledu, tak kvůli tomu, že je bezdomovkyně (viz intersekcionalita)

Marginalizace (z lat. marginalis, margo = okraj) je proces sociálního vyloučení, v rámci něhož je určitá skupina obyvatel vytlačena „na okraj společnosti“ a může se proto jen limitovaně podílet na kulturním, ekonomickém a politickém životě na rozdíl od většinové společnosti.[1] Toto odcizení může být ovlivněno faktory jako je třída, etnický původ, náboženské vyznání, barva kůže, sexuální orientace, genderová identita, dosažené vzdělání, životní úroveň, vzhled a další.[2] Jako marginalizované skupiny by se ale dali označit i lidé s tělesným handicapem, menšiny, LGBTQ+ lidé, příslušníci subkultur, bezdomovci, imigranti, sexuální pracovníci a pracovnice, starší lidé nebo naopak mládež (ageismus).[3] Obecně se jedná o kohokoliv, kdo narušuje očekávané společenské normy, v důsledku čehož jsou tyto skupiny vícenásobně ohroženy diskriminací.[2]

Americká socioložka Iris Marion Young definovala marginalizaci spolu s vykořisťováním, bezprávím, kulturním imperialismem a násilím jako jednu z pěti forem sociálního útlaku.[4]

Typy marginalizace

Rozlišují se dva typy:[5]

  • Individuální marginalizace – charakterizována neúplným vstupem jedince do skupiny, která ho kompletně neakceptuje, a jeho odcizením z původní skupiny, která ho odmítá
  • Skupinová marginalizace – vzniká v důsledku změn ve struktuře sociálních skupin, vytváření nových skupin v ekonomice a politice a potlačování existujících skupin

Odkazy

Reference

  1. ↑ PARK, Robert E. Human Migration and the Marginal Man. American Journal of Sociology. 1928-05, roč. 33, čís. 6, s. 881–893. Dostupné online [cit. 2018-11-25]. ISSN 0002-9602. DOI 10.1086/214592. (anglicky) 
  2. ↑ a b marginalized groups. European Institute for Gender Equality [online]. [cit. 2020-03-12]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  3. ↑ Social exclusion and reintegration. ar2003.emcdda.europa.eu [online]. [cit. 2020-03-12]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2014-10-29. 
  4. ↑ YOUNG, Iris Marion. Oppression, Privilege, and Resistance: Theoretical Perspectives on Racism, Sexism, and Heterosexism. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2004. ISBN 9780072882438. Kapitola Five Faces of Oppression, s. 37–63. 
  5. ↑ PELC, Stanko. Marginality and Marginalization. Cham: Springer International Publishing Dostupné online. ISBN 9783319509976, ISBN 9783319509983. DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-50998-3_2. S. 13–28. (anglicky) 

Literatura

  • J. Jandourek, Sociologický slovník. Praha: Portál 2001.

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