Magické číslo (fyzika)

Tento článek je o počtu nukleonů v atomovém jádře. Další významy jsou uvedeny na stránce Magické číslo.

Magické číslo (angl. magic number) je v jaderné fyzice počet nukleonů daného druhu (tj. protonů nebo neutronů), odpovídající ve slupkovém modelu jádra plně zaplněným slupkám.

Jedná se o čísla 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 a 126. Některé nové výpočty i experimenty naznačují, že u počtu neutronů by magickým mohlo být i číslo 34.[1][2]

Atomová jádra s počtem protonů nebo neutronů rovným magickému číslu se vyznačují vyšší vazebnou energií na nukleon a (u radioaktivních nuklidů) relativně vyšší stabilitou. Zvlášť stabilní jsou pak takzvaná dvojitě magická jádra (počet protonů i počet neutronů jsou rovny magickým číslům), např. 4He, 16O, 40Ca, 48Ca, 56Ni, 208Pb.

Na magických číslech jsou založeny i předpovědi tzv. ostrovů stability, tedy oblastí dosud neobjevených nuklidů (rozumí se v grafu N-Z nebo A-Z), které by měly mít relativně vyšší střední dobu života (což se potvrdilo např. u 270Hs). Ne vždy se však předpovědi potvrdí – např. u dvakrát magického (v počtu protonů i neutronů) jádra kyslíku 28O výrazně zvýšená stabilita pozorována není.[3]

Jádra s počtem nukleonů rozdílným od magických čísel se zpravidla vyznačují tvarem odlišným od kulovitého - jsou deformována do elipsoidálního tvaru. Výjimečně jsou výrazně deformovaná jádra i u nuklidů, jejichž neutronové číslo je 20 nebo 28. V těchto případech, kdy se magičnost neutronového čísla ztrácí, hovoří jaderní fyzici o tzv. ostrovech deformace, např. u deformovaných jader kolem 32Mg nebo 42Si.[4]

Reference

  1. ↑ STEPPENBECK, D., S. Takeuchi, N. Aoi, P. Doornenbal, M. Matsushita, H. Wang, H. Baba, N. Fukuda, S. Go, M. Honma, J. Lee, K. Matsui, S. Michimasa, T. Motobayashi, D. Nishimura, T. Otsuka, H. Sakurai, Y. Shiga, P.-A. Söderström, T. Sumikama, H. Suzuki, R. Taniuchi, Y. Utsuno, J. J. Valiente-Dobón, K. Yoneda. Evidence for a new nuclear ‘magic number’ from the level structure of 54Ca. S. 207–210. Nature [online]. 9. říjen 2013. Svazek 502, čís. 7470, s. 207–210. Dostupné online. ISSN 1476-4687. DOI 10.1038/nature12522. (anglicky) 
  2. ↑ Evidence for a new nuclear 'magic number'. PhysOrg, 10. říjen 2013. Dostupné online (anglicky)
  3. ↑ JACKSON, Kevin. Newly observed oxygen-28 nucleus fails ‘double magic’ test. PhysicsWorld [online]. IOP Publishing, 2023-09-12 [cit. 2023-09-13]. Dostupné online. (anglicky) 
  4. ↑ 'Magic numbers' disappear and expand area of nuclear deformation. PhysOrg, 19. listopad 2013. Dostupné online (anglicky)

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