Johannes Widmann

Johannes Widmann
Narození1462
Cheb
Úmrtí1505 (ve věku 42–43 let)
Lipsko
Alma materLipská univerzita (1480–1485)
Povolánímatematik
ZaměstnavatelLipská univerzita (od 1485)
Některá data mohou pocházet z datové položky.

Johannes Widmann (též Johannes Weidemann, Weideman, Widman, Wideman; okolo 1460 Cheb – po roce 1498 Lipsko) byl německý matematik, docent univerzity v Lipsku, pravděpodobný autor používání matematických symbolů plus a minus.

Život

V roce 1485 na univerzitě v Lipsku získal magisterský titul a začal zde přednášet matematiku a zřejmě jako první vyučovat algebru.[1][2] V roce 1489 vydal početnici Bestehende und hübsche Rechenkunst auf allen Kauffmannschaft von Johannes Widmann aus Eger (Hbité a pěkné počítání pro všechny kupce)[2], jde o první německy psanou a vydanou početnici. Zaměřovala se na potřeby obchodníků, poprvé se zde objevily symboly + a -.[1] Není jasné, odkud symboly pocházejí. Značky mohou být odvozeny od označení, které používali lipští kupci pro označování beden se zbožím s nadměrnou (+) či nedostatečnou (-) váhou. Znaménka mohou pocházet také z Indie či vzniknout zjednodušením původních zkratek slov. Plus mohlo být odvozeno od znaku „&“ pro latinskou spojku „et“ („a“) či z řeckého písmene „pí“.[2] Symboly v této učebnici nepředstavovaly matematické operace, nýbrž přebytky a schodky.[3] Toto značení se však hned neujalo, například ještě roku 1572 Rafael Bombelli používal písmena p a m místo znaků + a -.[4] Učebnice znovu vyšla v Phorzheimu (1508), v Hagenau (1519) a Augsburgu (1526).[1] Widmann zemřel po roce 1498 v Lipsku.

Reference

  1. ↑ a b c JOHANNES WIDMANN [online]. Muzeum Cheb, 2016 [cit. 2016-03-15]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2016-04-04. 
  2. ↑ a b c KOČVARA, Jaroslav. Matematik Johannes Widmann [online]. Gymnázium Cheb, 2011-03-23 [cit. 2016-03-15]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2016-03-16. 
  3. ↑ HAVLÍČEK, Michal. O původu matematických symbolů [online]. ČVUT, 2011-04-27 [cit. 2016-03-15]. Dostupné online. 
  4. ↑ REICHL, Jaroslav; VŠETIČKA, Martin. Aritmetické symboly [online]. Encyklopedie fyziky, 2006 - 2016 [cit. 2016-03-15]. Dostupné online. 

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