Sorra bituminosa

Els Athabasca oil sands
Sorra bituminosa de Califòrnia

La sorra bituminosa, en anglès: oil sands, tar sands bituminous sands, són un tipus de jaciment de petroli no convencional. La sorra bituminosa pot ser sorra solta o parcialment consolidada que conté una mescla natural de sorra, argila i aigua saturada químicament amb una forma de petroli densa i extremadament viscosa que tècnicament es coneix com a bitumen (asfalt).[1][2]

Els jaciments naturals de bitumen es troben en molts països, però en particular n'hi ha en grans quantitats al Canadà.[3][4] Altres d'extensos es troben al Kazakhstan, Rússia i Veneçuela. A nivell mundial s'estimen en més de 2 trillions de barrils (320 mil milions metres cúbics);[5][6]

Història

L'explotació dels afloraments bituminosos daten del paleolític.[7] El primer aprofitament de l'asfalt va ser pels Neanderthals, a Síria fa uns 40.000 anys. Amb l'Homo sapiens, els humans usaven l'asfalt per a la construcció d'edificis i per les barques de vímet. Els antics egipcis l'usaven per a la momificació.[8]

Referències

  1. ↑ «What Is Bitumen(Asphalt)?». Bitumena. Arxivat de l'original el 2016-06-12. [Consulta: 5 juny 2016].
  2. ↑ «15+ differences between bitumen and tar used in road construction». CivilBlog.org. [Consulta: 5 juny 2016].
  3. ↑ Pierre-René Bauquis. «What the future for extra heavy oil and bitumen: the Orinoco case». World Energy Council, 16-02-2006. Arxivat de l'original el 2007-04-02. [Consulta: 10 juliol 2007].
  4. ↑ «Alberta's Oil Sands: Opportunity, Balance» (PDF). . Government of Alberta, 3-2008. Arxivat de l'original el 27 de novembre 2014 [Consulta: 13 maig 2008]. Arxivat 27 de novembre 2014 a Wayback Machine.
  5. ↑ «About Tar Sands». Arxivat de l'original el 2014-09-04. [Consulta: 9 novembre 2017].
  6. ↑ «Bitumen and heavy crudes: The energy security problem solved?». Oil and Energy Trends, 31, 6, 2006, pàg. 3–5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7992.2006.310603.x.
  7. ↑ Bilkadi, Zayn «Bitumen – A History». Saudi Aramco World, 11-1984, p. 2–9 [Consulta: 1r gener 2011]. Arxivat 9 de juny 2011 a Wayback Machine.
  8. ↑ Hirst, K. Kris. «Bitumen – A Smelly but Useful Material of Interest». Archaeology. About.com, 2009. Arxivat de l'original el 4 de novembre 2007. [Consulta: 23 octubre 2009].

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