Uridin

Uridin
Općenito
Hemijski spojUridin
Druga imena
IUPAC ime: Uridin[1]
Molekularna formulaC9H12N2O6
CAS registarski broj58-96-8
SMILESO=C1NC(=O)N(C=C1)[C@@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]2O
InChI1/C9H12N2O6/c12-3-4-6(14)7(15)8(17-4)11-2-1-5(13)10-9(11)16/h1-2,4,6-8,12,14-15H,3H2,(H,10,13,16)/t4-,6-,7-,8-/m1/s1
Osobine1
Molarna masa244,20
Agregatno stanjeČvrsto
Gustoća99308g/cm3
Tačka topljenja167,2
Dipolni moment
PubChem: 6029
Rizičnost
NFPA 704
 
 
 
 
1 Gdje god je moguće korištene su SI jedinice. Ako nije drugačije naznačeno, dati podaci vrijede pri standardnim uslovima.

Uridin je glikozilirani pirimidin-analog koji sadrži uracil vezan za ribozni prsten (ili preciznije, ribofuranoza) preko β-N1-glikozidne veze.

Jedan je od pet standardnih nukleozida koji čine nukleinske kiseline, a drugi su adenozin, timidin, citidin i gvanozin. Kao i za [dušične baze, pet nukleozida obično se skraćuju na njihove jednoslovne kodove U, A, T, C i G. Međutim, timidin se češće piše kao 'dT' ('d' predstavlja 'dezoksi') jer sadrži 2'-dezoksiribofuranozni dio, umjesto ribofuranoznog prstena koji se nalazi u uridinu. To je zato što se timidin nalazi u dezoksiribonukleinskoj kiselini (DNK), a obično se ne nalazi u ribonukleinskoj kiselini (RNK). Nasuprot tome, uridin se nalazi u RNK, a ne u DNK. Preostala tri nukleozida mogu se pronaći i u RNK i u DNK. U RNK bi bile predstavljeni kao A, C i G, dok bi u DNK bile predstavljene kao dA, dC i dG.

Biosinteza

Uridin se u prirodi široko proizvodi kao uridin-monofosfat (uridilat) sintezom de novo, pomoću dekarboksilacije orotidilata, koju katalizira orotidilat dekarboksilaza. Orotidilat se proizvodi iz orotata, koji se u kombinaciji s 5-fosforibozil-1-pirofosfatom (PRPP) formira orotidilat pomoću pirimidin-fosforibosiltransferaza. PRPP nastaje iz riboza-5-fosfata, daljnjom fosforilacijom, služeći kao energetskiamolekula koja pokreće reakciju naprijed, dok se orotat stvara u nekoliko koraka iz karbamoil-fosfata i aspartata.[2]

Prehrambeni izvori

Uridin se smatra neesencijalnim nutrijentom, jer ga ljudsko tijelo proizvodi prema potrebi i suplementacija se općenito ne preporučuje, iako je istraživana za posebne primjene.[3]

Neke namirnice koje sadrže uridin u obliku RNK navedene su u nastavku. Iako se tvrdi da gotovo nijedan uridin u ovom obliku nije bioraspoloživ "od - kako je pokazalo Handschumacherova laboratorija u Medicinskoj školi Yale (Yale School of Medicine) 1981.[4] Uništava se u jetri i gastrointestinalnom traktu, a nijedna hrana, kada se konzumira, nije pouzdano pokazala da podiže nivo uridina u krvi. Tome su u suprotnosti s Yamamoto et al.,[5] prema kojima je razina uridina u plazmi porasla 1,8 puta, 30 minuta nakon konzumiranja piva, ukazujući u najmanju ruku na oprečne podatke. S druge strane, etanol sam po sebi (koji je prisutan u pivu) povećava nivo uridina, što može objasniti povećanje nivoa uridina u studiji koju je sproveli Yamamoto et al.[6] U dojenčadi koja konzumiraju majčino mlijeko ili komercijalne formule za dojenčad, uridin je prisutan kao njegov monofosfat, UMP,[7] od kojih su oboje bioraspoloživi [8] i mogu ući u cirkulaciju iz probavnog trakta.To su i

Konzumacija hrane bogate RNK može dovesti do visokog nivoa purina (adenina i guanina) u krvi. Poznato je da visoki nivoi purina povećavaju proizvodnju mokraćne kiseline i mogu pogoršati ili dovesti do stanja kao što je giht.[14]

Istraživači s Harvarda izvještavaju da su omega-3 masne kiseline i uridin, dvije tvari u hrani, poput ribe, oraha, melase i šećerne repe, spriječile depresiju kod pacova jednako efikasno kao i lijekovi protiv depresije. "Davanje pacoivima kombinacije uridina i omega-3 masnih kiselina izazvalo je trenutne učinke koji se nisu razlikovali od onih uzrokovanih davanjem pacovima standardnih antidepresiva", rekao je vodeći autor studije William Carlezon, direktor McLean's Laboratorije za genetiku ponašanja.[15][16]

Galaktozna glikoliza

Uridin ima ulogu u glikolizi galaktoznog puta.[17] Ne postoji katabolički proces za metabolizam galaktoze. Stoga se ona pretvara u glukozu i metabolizira uobičajenim putem glukoze. Nakon što se dolazna galaktoza pretvori u galaktoza 1-fosfat (Gal-1-P), uključena je u reakciju sa [[UDP-glukoza[UDP-glukozom]], molekulom glukoze vezanom za uridin-difosfat (UDP). Ovaj proces katalizira enzim galaktoza-1-fosfat uridil transferaza i prenosi UDP u molekulu galaktoze. Krajnji rezultat su UDP-galaktoza i glukoza-1-fosfat. Ovaj proces se nastavlja, kako bi se omogućila pravilna glikoliza galaktoze.

Također pogledajte

Reference

  1. ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2014). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013. Royal Society of Chemistry. str. 1422. doi:10.1039/9781849733069. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4. Zanemaren tekst "The Royal Society of Chemistry" (pomoć)
  2. ^ Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. (2002). "Section 25.1In de Novo Synthesis, the Pyrimidine Ring Is Assembled from Bicarbonate, Aspartate, and Glutamine". Biochemistry (5th izd.). W H Freeman.CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (link)
  3. ^ George M. Kapalka (2009). Nutritional and Herbal Therapies for Children and Adolescents: A Handbook. Academic Press. ISBN 9780080958019.
  4. ^ Gasser T, Moyer JD, Handschumacher RE (1981). "Novel single-pass exchange of circulating uridine in rat liver". Science. 213 (4509): 777–8. Bibcode:1981Sci...213..777G. doi:10.1126/science.7256279. PMID 7256279.
  5. ^ Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Takahashi S, Tsutsumi Z, Ka T, Fukuchi M, Hada T (2002). "Effect of beer on the plasma concentrations of uridine and purine bases". Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 51 (10): 1317–23. doi:10.1053/meta.2002.34041. PMID 12370853.
  6. ^ Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Takahashi S, Yamakita J, Tsutsumi Z, Ohata H, Hiroishi K, Nakano T, Higashino K (1997). "Effect of ethanol and fructose on plasma uridine and purine bases". Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 46 (5): 544–7. doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(97)90192-x. PMID 9160822.
  7. ^ Wurtman, Richard (23. 4. 2014). "A Nutrient Combination that Can Affect Synapse Formation". Nutrients. 6 (4): 1701–1710. doi:10.3390/nu6041701. PMC 4011061. PMID 24763080.
  8. ^ Carver JD (2003). "Advances in nutritional modifications of infant formulas". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 77 (6): 1550S–1554S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.6.1550S. PMID 12812153.
  9. ^ Thebody.com
  10. ^ "Aseanfood.info" (PDF). Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 21. 7. 2011. Pristupljeno 7. 8. 2021.
  11. ^ a b c Jonas DA, Elmadfa I, Engel KH, Heller KJ, Kozianowski G, König A, Müller D, Narbonne JF, Wackernagel W, Kleiner J (2001). "Safety considerations of DNA in food". Ann Nutr Metab. 45 (6): 235–54. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.600.3766. doi:10.1159/000046734. PMID 11786646. S2CID 28474801.
  12. ^ Storck R (1965). "Nucleotide composition of nucleic acids of fungi. I. Ribonucleic acids". Journal of Bacteriology. 90 (5): 1260–4. doi:10.1128/JB.90.5.1260-1264.1965. PMC 315810. PMID 5848326.
  13. ^ Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Takahashi S, Tsutsumi Z, Ka T, Fukuchi M, Hada T (oktobar 2002). "Effect of beer on the plasma concentrations of uridine and purine bases". Metab Clin Exp. 51 (10): 1317–23. doi:10.1053/meta.2002.34041. PMID 12370853.
  14. ^ "Gout, Hyperuricemia & Chronic Kidney Disease". The National Kidney Foundation. 24. 12. 2015. Arhivirano s originala, 1. 12. 2017. Pristupljeno 24. 11. 2017.
  15. ^ "Food ingredients may be as effective as antidepressants". Harvard Gazette. 10. 2. 2005. Pristupljeno 9. 4. 2018.
  16. ^ Carlezon WA, Mague SD, Parow AM, Stoll AL, Cohen BM, Renshaw PF (februar 2005). "Antidepressant-like effects of uridine and omega-3 fatty acids are potentiated by combined treatment in rats". Biol Psychiatry. 57 (4): 343–50. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.038. PMID 15705349. S2CID 1834258.
  17. ^ Stryer, Berg and Tymoczko (2002). "Section 16.1 Glycolysis Is an Energy-Conversion Pathway in Many Organisms". Biochemistry (5th izd.). New York: W H Freeman.

Vanjski linkovi

Šablon:Nukleobaze, nukleozidi i nukleotidi Šablon:Purinergici

Read other articles:

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for books. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: The Complete Book of Dwarves – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTO...

 

Elimas tukang sihir yang dibutakan. Dilukis oleh Raphael dari Raphael Cartoons. Sergius Paulus (atau Lucius Sergius Paullus) adalah seorang gubernur Siprus di bawah kaisar Claudius (memerintah 24 Januari 41 – 13 Oktober 54). Ia muncul dalam Kisah Para Rasul 13:6-13, di mana di Pafos, ia memanggil Paulus (juga bernama Saulus), beserta Barnabas dan Yohanes Markus, untuk mendengarkan Firman Tuhan dari mereka. Ia memiliki seorang kawan yang bernama Baryesus atau Elimas, seorang tukang sihi...

 

Satuan Kapal CepatKomando Armada IINegara IndonesiaCabang TNI Angkatan LautTipe unitSatuan Kapal CepatBagian dariKoarmada IISitus webwww.tnial.mil.id Satuan Kapal Cepat Komando Armada IIatau (Satkat Koarmada II) adalah Komando Pelaksana Pembinaan yang bertugas melaksanakan pembinaan kekuatan, dan kemampuan tempur unsur-unsur organik sesuai dengan asasinya, dalam rangka meningkatkan kemampuan tempur Komando Armada II. Sementara itu, unsur-unsur atau Koarmatim|kapal-kapal Satkat merupakan kapal...

Jan Schakowsky Janice Danoff Schakowsky /ʃəˈkaʊski/ (lahir 26 Mei 1944) adalah seorang politikus Amerika Serikat yang menjabat sebagai anggota DPR sejak 1999. Ia adalah anggota Partai Demokrat. Pranala luar Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Jan Schakowsky. Wikisumber memiliki karya asli dari atau mengenai: Jan Schakowsky Congresswoman Jan Schakowsky official U.S. House website Jan Schakowsky for Congress Jan Schakowsky di Curlie (dari DMOZ) Biografi di Biographical Directory of th...

 

Company C, 2nd Battalion, 124th InfantryActive1884-1919, 1939 - PresentCountryUnited StatesAllegiance United StatesBranchFlorida Army National GuardTypeInfantry (formerly Artillery, Cavalry and Armor)SizeCompanyGarrison/HQOcala, FloridaNickname(s)Historic: Ocala RiflesCallsign: ComancheEngagementsWorld War IWorld War IIIraq WarAfghanistanMilitary unit Company C, 2nd Battalion, 124th Infantry is a historic unit of the Florida Army National Guard, stationed in Ocala, Florida. The company d...

 

Gurdon Saltonstall25th Governor of Connecticut ColonyIn office1708–1724Preceded byFitz-John WinthropSucceeded byJoseph Talcott Personal detailsBorn(1666-03-27)27 March 1666Haverhill, Massachusetts Bay ColonyDied20 September 1724(1724-09-20) (aged 58)New London, Colony of ConnecticutProfessionGovernorSignature Gurdon Saltonstall (27 March 1666 – 20 September 1724) was governor of the Colony of Connecticut from 1708 to 1724. Born into a distinguished family, Saltonstall became an accom...

Election 1966 United States Senate election in Minnesota ← 1960 November 8, 1966 1972 →   Nominee Walter Mondale Robert Forsythe Party Democratic (DFL) Republican Popular vote 685,840 574,868 Percentage 53.94% 45.21% County resultsMondale:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Forsythe:      40–50%    &#...

 

Legality, use and culture of cannabis in the U.S. state of Kansas Part of a series onCannabis ArtsCulture 420 (chan) Books Magu (deity) Names Religion Judaism Latter-day Saints Sikhism Smoke-in Spiritual use Sports Stoner film Stoner rock Terms Chemistry Cannabinoid receptors Cannabinoid receptor type 1 Cannabinoid receptor type 2 Cannabinoids 2-AG 2-AGE, Noladin ether AEA CBC CBL CBD CBDV CBG CBN CBV NADA THC THCV Virodhamine Synthetic cannabinoids AM-2201 CP-55940 Dimethylheptylpyran HU-210...

 

Post–World War II war crimes trials For the documentary, see International Military Tribunal for the Far East (film). The Tokyo Trial redirects here. For other uses, see The Tokyo Trial (disambiguation). International Military Tribunal for the Far EastInternational Military Tribunal for the Far East court chamberStartedApril 29, 1946Case historyRelated action(s)Nuremberg trials The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), also known as the Tokyo Trial and the Tokyo War Crim...

Gua Lubang Batu NerakaLeang Lubang Batu NerakaLokasiKabupaten Maros, Sulawesi Selatan, IndonesiaGeologikarst / batu kapur / batu gampingSitus webvisit.maroskab.go.idcagarbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id Gua Lubang Batu Neraka atau Leang Lubang Batu Neraka (Inggris: Hell Stone Hole Cave ) adalah sebuah gua di Kawasan Karst Maros-Pangkep, Taman Nasional Bantimurung-Bulusaraung, wilayah administratif Kabupaten Maros, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia. Gua ini adalah jenis gua alam dan gua horizontal. Secara mor...

 

American animated television series Hong Kong Fuey redirects here. For the snooker player with this nickname, see Marco Fu. Hong Kong PhooeyGenre Comedy Created by William Hanna Joseph Barbera Directed by Charles A. Nichols Wally Burr Voices of Scatman Crothers Richard Dawson Kathy Gori Don Messick Joe E. Ross Theme music composerHoyt CurtinOpening themeHong Kong Phooey by Scatman CrothersEnding themeHong Kong Phooey (Instrumental)ComposerHoyt CurtinCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal lang...

 

Firing of a projectile weapon (such as a firearm) without loaded ammunition Gun storage boxes for civilian visitors at a courthouse in Prague, Czech Republic. Before storing, the gun is aimed at the gun clearing trap (left, red), it is unloaded and dry fired. The bullet trap is constructed so as to safely contain a fired bullet in case the operator mistakenly left a round in the chamber. Loading of firearm when leaving is also conducted while aiming into the bullet trap, without engaging trig...

Miguel SapochnikMiguel Sapochnik di San Diego Comic-Con International pada 2016.LahirMiguel Vicente Rosenberg-SapochnikJuli 1974 (umur 49)[1]Hammersmith, London, InggrisNama lainMiguel RosenbergPekerjaan Sutradara Artis papan cerita Tahun aktif1996–sekarang Miguel Sapochnik adalah seorang sutradara film dan televisi serta mantan artis papan cerita asal Inggris berdarah Argentina. Ia dikenal sebagai sutradara film fitur Repo Men, dan sutradara serial fantasi epik...

 

Play-in game during postseason 2014 National League Wild Card Game 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E San Francisco Giants 0 0 0 4 0 1 2 1 0 8 11 2 Pittsburgh Pirates 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 DateOctober 1, 2014VenuePNC ParkCityPittsburgh, PennsylvaniaManagersBruce Bochy (San Francisco Giants)Clint Hurdle (Pittsburgh Pirates)UmpiresJoe West (crew chief), Doug Eddings, Paul Emmel, Andy Fletcher, Brian Gorman, Mark Wegner, Phil Cuzzi (replay), Tim Timmons (replay)Attendance40,629Ceremonial first pitchKent ...

 

Відносини Вірменія — Європейський Союз ЄС Вірменія Вірменія та Європейський Союз підтримували позитивні відносини протягом багатьох років. Обидві сторони пов'язані між собою Угодою про всебічне та посилене партнерство (CEPA), яка була підписана у 2017 році.[1] Колишній ...

Merkendorf Lambang kebesaranLetak Merkendorf di Ansbach NegaraJermanNegara bagianBayernWilayahMittelfrankenKreisAnsbachSubdivisions13 OrtsteilePemerintahan • MayorHans PoppLuas • Total26,07 km2 (1,007 sq mi)Ketinggian438 m (1,437 ft)Populasi (2013-12-31)[1] • Total2.783 • Kepadatan1,1/km2 (2,8/sq mi)Zona waktuWET/WMPET (UTC+1/+2)Kode pos91732Kode area telepon09826Pelat kendaraanANSitus webwww.merkendorf...

 

Municipality and town in Hidalgo, MexicoMixquiahuala de JuárezMunicipality and townMixquiahuala de JuárezLocation in MexicoCoordinates: 20°13′52″N 99°12′47″W / 20.23111°N 99.21306°W / 20.23111; -99.21306Country MexicoStateHidalgoMunicipal seatMixquiahuala de JuárezGovernment • Municipal president MORENA José Ramón Amieva (2020)Area • Total138.1 km2 (53.3 sq mi)Population (2005) • Total37,747 ...

 

جزيرة هيسا   معلومات جغرافية الإحداثيات 24°00′52″N 32°52′36″E / 24.0145°N 32.8768°E / 24.0145; 32.8768   الطول 2000 متر  الحكومة البلد مصر  التقسيم الإداري محافظة أسوان  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   جزيرة هيسا هي جزيرة تقع بين خزان أسوان والسد العالي في محافظة أسوان، مصر تبلغ �...

1938 United States Senate election in Oklahoma ← 1932 November 8, 1938 1944 →   Nominee Elmer Thomas Harry O. Glasser Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 307,936 159,734 Percentage 65.37% 33.91% U.S. senator before election Elmer Thomas Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Elmer Thomas Democratic Elections in Oklahoma Federal government Presidential elections 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 19...

 

Milan PrimaveraNama lengkapAssociazione Calcio Milan PrimaveraJulukani Rossoneri (Merah hitam)il Diavolo (Setan)Berdiri1962StadionVismara Sports Centre, Milan[1](Kapasitas: 1,200[2])PemilikSilvio Berlusconi[3]Presiden kehormatanSilvio Berlusconi[4]Pelatih kepalaCristian BrocchiLigaKejuaraan Nasional Primavera2012–13Semi-final[5] Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Kostum ketiga Associazione Calcio Milan Primavera adalah tim U-19 dari tim sepak bola profesio...