Kutikula

Kutikula je bilo koji od raznih čvrstih, ali fleksibilnih, nemineralnih vanjskih pokrivača organizma ili dijelova organizma koji pružaju zaštitu. Različite vrste kutikula su nehomologna; razlikuju se po porijeklu, strukturi, funkciji i hemijskom sastavu.

Anatomija čovjeka

Anatomija baznog dijela ljudskog nokta.

U anatomiji, termin "kutikul" može se odnositi na nekoliko struktura, ali se koristi općenito, pa čak i među medicinskim radnicima kada razgovaraju sa pacijentima Kada misle na zadebljali sloj kože koji okružuje nokte i zanoktice (eponihij) i odnosi se na površinski sloj ćelija koje se omotavaju korijen dlaka, koja je veže u folikul, sastavljen od mrtvih ćelija vanjskog kožnog sloja.[1] Također se može koristiti kao sinonim za epidermis,[2] Kutikula noktiju na stopalima i šakama štiti kožu od podlijvanja vlage i mikroba u okolišu.[3]

Kutikula beskičmenjaka

U zoologiji, kutikula beskičmenjaka je višeslojna struktura izvan epiderme mnogih vrsta, osobito nematoda i člankonožaca, kod kojih formira egzoskelet.

Glavne strukturne komponente nematodne kutikule su proteini, visoko umreženi kolageni i specijalizirani nerastvorljivi proteini poznati kao "kutikulini", zajedno sa glikoproteinima i lipidima.[4]

Glavna strukturna komponenta kutikule artropoda je hitin, polisaharid sastavljen od N-acetilglukozamina, zajedno s proteinima i lipidima. Proteini i hitin su umreženi. Čvrstoća zavisi od vrste proteina i količine hitina. Smatra se da epidermne ćelije proizvode protein i također utiču na vrijeme i količinu proteina koja će se ugraditi u kutikulu.[5]

Često se u kutikuli člankonožaca opaža strukturna obojenost – koja proizvodi nanostrukture.[6]

Botanika

Epikutikulski vosak prekriva biljnu kutikulu lista Hosta sieboldiana čineći ga hidrofobnom. Voda, koja ne može vlažitinesposobna kutikulu, odvodi se, noseći sa sobom prašinu i topivo zagađenje. Ovo svojstvo samočišćenja, u tehničkim časopisima, naziva se različito, kao „ultrahidrofobičnost“ ili „ultralifobnost“. Popularnije je poznat pod nazivom Lotus efekt.

U botanici, biljna kutikula je zaštitna, hidrofobna, voštana obloga koju proizvode epidermne ćelija listova, mladih izdanaka i svih ostalih biljnih organa u zraku. Kutikule minimiziraju gubitak vode i učinkovito smanjuju ulazak patogena zahvaljujući izlučivanju voska. Glavne strukturne komponente biljne kutikule su jedinstveni polimeri rezina ili kutana, impregnirane voskom.

Kutikule biljaka funkcioniraju kao barijera od propuštanja vode i vodotopivih materijala. Kutikula sprečava i da biljne površine ne ovlaže i pomaže u sprečavanju isušivanja biljaka. Kserofitne biljke poput kaktusa imaju vrlo guste kutikule koje im omogućavaju opstanak u sušnoj klimi. Biljke koje žive u blizini raspršavanja morskoih talasa također mogu imati deblje kutikule koje ih štite od toksičnih učinaka soli.

Neke biljke, posebno one prilagođene životu u vlažnim ili vodenim okruženjima, imaju ekstremnu otpornost na vlaženje. Dobro poznat primjer je lotos Nelumbo nucifera.[7] Ova prilagodba nije isključivo fizičkii i hemijski učinak voštanog premaza, već uveliko ovisi i o mikroskopskom obliku površine.[8][9]

"Kutikula" je jedan pojam koji se koristi za vanjski sloj bazidiokarpnog tkiva gljive ili "plodnog tijela". Alternativni izraz "pileipelis", latinski termin za "kožu" "kapice" (miski se na gljivinu).[10] S druge strane, neka morfološka terminologija u mikologiji pravi fine distinkcije u vezi sa pileipelisom. Bez obzira na to, pileipelis (ili "ljuštenje") razlikuje se od unutrašnjeg mesnatog tkiva gljive ili sličnog plodnog tijela, a također i nosećeg sloja tkiva za stvaranje sporahimenija.

Također pogledajte

Reference

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ Cuticle. Arhivirano s originala, 1. 4. 2019. Pristupljeno 27. 1. 2020.
  3. ^ Del Rosario, Sivy. "25 Fascinating Facts About Fingernails". Arhivirano s originala, 6. 7. 2019. Pristupljeno 27. 1. 2020.
  4. ^ Page, A.P. and Johnstone, I.L. (March 19, 2007) The cuticle, In: WormBook, ed. by Jm Kramer & D. G. Moerman. The C. elegans Research Community, WormBook, doi/10.1895/wormbook.1.138.1, [2]
  5. ^ "insect physiology" The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science of Technology, Vol. 9, p. 233 2007
  6. ^ Seago, Ainsley E.; Brady, Parrish; Vigneron, Jean-Pol; Schultz, Tom D. (28. 10. 2008). "Gold Bugs and Beyond: A Review of Iridescence and Structural Colour Mechanisms in Beetles (Coleoptera)". Journal of the Royal Interface. doi:10.1098/rsif.2008.0354.focus. PMC 2586663.
  7. ^ Quere, D.; Surface chemistry. Fakir droplets, Nature Materials 2002, 1, 14.
  8. ^ Onda, T.; Shibuichi, S.; Satoh, N.; Tsujii, K. (1996). "Super-Water-Repellent Fractal Surfaces". Langmuir. 12 (9): 2125–2127. doi:10.1021/la950418o.
  9. ^ Von Baeyer, H. C., The lotus effect, The Sciences, 2000, January/February, 12
  10. ^ Edmund Jaeger (1959). A Source-Book of Biological Names and Terms. Springfield, Illinois: Thomas. ISBN 0-398-06179-3.

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