Hromosomska garnitura

Hromosomska garnitura (hromosomski komplement, hromosomski set) je skup svih hromosoma u ćeliji. Postoje dvije osnovne vrste izvornih (normalnih) hromosomskih garnitura: haploidna i diploidna. U organizama sa seksualnim razmnožavanjem gameti imaju haploidni (n), a somatične ćelije – diploidan hromosomski broj (2n). U sve takve organizme, jednu n garnituru u zigot unosi muški, a drugu ženski gamet. Obuhvata jedarni dio genoma. Ostali dio genoma nalazi se u ostalim organelama koje sadrže DNK, kao što su mitohondrije i plastidi.

Prema tome, diploidnu hromosomsku garnituru čini n njenih homolognih parova (homologan = istosmislen, odgovarajući, s istim odnosima). U svakom paru ovih hromosoma jedan potiče od oca, a drugi (istosmisleni) od majke. Veličina i oblik hromosoma su različiti kod raznih vrsta; također su različiti i u istoj garnituri. I broj i veličina hromosoma su stalni i predstavljaju specifičnu oznaku svake vrste organizama.[1][2][3][4][5]

Ilustrativno govoreći, hromosomska garnitura i njen najbitniji sadržaj (DNK) su svojevrsna genetička “lična karta” svake individue i svih vrsta organizama. One su osnovni predmet proučavanja citogenetike i citotaksonomije, kao bitnih oblasti genetike, genomike, odnosno suvrenene taksonomije i biosistematike.

Hromosomske garniture odabranih vrsta životinja, biljaka, protista i drugih organizama

  • B - Biljke
  • Ž - Životinje
  • OE - Ostali eukarioti
Organizam Grupa Naučno ime Diploidni broj hromosoma (2n = x) Napomena
Protozoa (Ciliata) OE Oxytricha trifallax 1.900x = ~30.000,000 [6][7] Makronuklearni "nanohromosomi"; ampliploid.
Protozoa (Ciliata) OE Tetrahymena thermophila 10 (u mikronukleusu) 50x = 12.500 (u macronukleusu, izuzimajući minihromosome)
10.000x = 10.000 (Makronuklearni minihromosomi)[8]
Jelenji jezik B Ophioglossum reticulatum 1260 [9] Maksimalni broj, koji ima mnogo varijanti.
Dud B Morus nigra 308 [10] U ovom slučaju, hromosomski broj je 22-ostruki osnovni broj - poznat kao dokosaploid.
Preslica B Equisetum arvense 216
Zmijuljica Ž Petromyzontinae 174[6]
Šaran Ž Cyprinus carpio 104
Oštrulj Ž Aulopyge hügelii 100[11][12] Endem Dinarida (pretežno u BiH)
Vodeni pacov Ž Anotomys leander 92[13] Nekada bio najveći hromosomski broj
Škampi Ž Penaeus semisulcatus 86–92 [14]
Pittierov pacov Ž Ichthyomys pittieri 92[13]
Grejpfrut B Sceptridium 90
Ježevi (Afrički ježevi) Ž Atelerix 90
Mahovina B Botrychium 90
Jež Ž Erinaceus 88
Mehkousna pastrmka Ž Salmothymus obtusirostris oxyrhynchus 82[11][12] Neretvanski endem
Glavatica Ž Salmo marmoratus 80[11][12] Endem Jadranskog sliva
Golub Ž Columbidae 80
Afrički divlji pas Ž Lycaon pictus 78[15]
Kokoš Ž Gallus gallus domesticus 78
Kojot Ž Canis latrans 78[15]
Dingo Ž Canis lupus dingo 78[15]
Pas Ž Canis lupus familiaris 78[16] 76 autosomnih i 2 spolna.[17]
Golub Ž Columbidae 78[18]
Zlatni šakal Ž Canis aureus 78[15]
Vuk Ž Canis lupus 78
Vuk - mjesečinar Ž Chrysocyon brachyurus 76
Američki mrki medvjed Ž Ursus americanus 74
Azijski mrki medvjed Ž Ursus thibetanus 74
Mrki medvjed Ž Ursus arctos 74
Bijeli medvjed Ž Ursus maritimus 74
Ljenivac Ž Melursus ursinus 74
Dugouha lisica Ž Otocyon megalotis 72[15]
Pomoćnica (crnogrozdak) B Solanum nigrum 72[19]
Bjelorepi jelen Ž Odocoileus virginianus 70
Jelen (vapiti) Ž Cervus canadensis 68
Crveni jelen Ž Cervus elaphus 68
Siva lisica Ž Urocyon cinereoargenteus 66[15]
Japanski rakun Ž Nyctereutes procyonoides 66 Međuindividualne razlike u broju hromosoma[20]
Činčila Ž Chinchilla lanigera 64 [21]
Ehidna Ž Echidna (Tachyglossus) 63/64 63 (X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5 - mužjak i 64 (X1X1X2X2X3X3X4X4X5X5- ženka[22]
Konj Ž Equus ferus caballus 64
Mula Ž Equus caballus x E. asinus 63 Semi-infertilna
Magarac Ž Equus africanus asinus 62
Žirafa Ž Giraffa camelopardalis 62
Gubar Ž Lymantria dispar 62
Bengalska lisica Ž Vulpes bengalensis 60
Američki bizon Ž Bison bison 60
Govedo Ž Bos primigenius 60
Koza Ž Capridae 60
Vunasti mamut Ž Mammuthus primigenius 58 Na osnovu analize smrznutog tkiva
Slon Ž Elephantidae 56
Kapucin Ž Cebus x 54[23]
Mravojed Ž Hyracoidea 54[24] Najbliži savremeni srodnik slona.[25]
Ovca Ž Ovis 54
Svilena buba Ž Bombyx mori 54
Pamuk B Gossypium hirsutum 52[26] 2n=4x; Kultivirani pamuk selekcionirani alotetraploid
Kljunar Ž Ornithorhynchus anatinus 52 [27] 10 spolnih hromosoma
Kit lisica Ž Balaenidae 50
Ananas B Ananas comosus 50[26]
Prugasti tvor Ž Mephitis mephitis 50
Popovska gaovica Ž Phoxinellus ghethaldii 50[11][12] Endem Dinarida (pretežno u BiH)
Imotska gaovica Ž Phoxinellus adspersus 50[11][12] Endem Dinarida
Pijurica Ž Phoxinellus alepidotus 50[11][12] Endem Dinarida (pretežno u BiH)
Gatačka gaovica Ž Phoxinellus metohiensis 50[11][12] Bosanskohercegovački endem
Trebinjska gaovica Ž Phoxinellus pstrossii 50[11][12] Bosanskohercegovački endem
Podbila Ž Chondrostoma phoxinus 50[11][12] Endem Dinarida (pretežno u BiH)
Turski klijen Ž Leuciscus turskyi 50[11][12] Endem Dinarida (pretežno u BiH)
Zebra-riba Ž Danio rerio 50[28]
Dabar (evroazijski) Ž Castor fiber 48
Šimpanzo Ž Pan troglodytesi Pan paniscus 48[29]
Gorila Ž Gorilla gorilla 48
Zec[30][31] Ž Lepus 48
Orangutan Ž Pongo pygmaeus 48
Krompir B Solanum tuberosum 48[26] Tetraploid; divlji srodnici većinom 2n=24.[26]
Duhan B Nicotiana tabacum 48[26] Kultivirani tetraploid[26]
Čovjek Ž Homo sapiens 46[32] 44 autosoma i 2 gonosoma (spolna hromosoma): XY
Rivsov muntjak Ž Muntiacus reevesi 46
Antilopa Ž Hippotragus niger 46
Delfin Ž Delphinidae delphis 44
Evroazijski jazavac Ž Meles meles 44
Zec Ž Lepus curpaeums (L. tmidus, L. europaeus) 44
Gigantska panda Ž Ailuropoda melanoleuca 42
Zob B Avena sativa 42[26] Heksaploid sa 2n=6x=42. Postoje i kultivirani diploidi i tetraploidi.[26]
Rakun-pas Ž Nyctereutes viverrinus 42 prema nekim izvorima, podvrste se razlikuju: 38, 54 i čak 56 hromosona
Pacov Ž Rattus norvegicus 42 [33]
Rezus majmun Ž Macacus mulatus (Macacus rhrsus, Macaca rhesa) 42[34]
Pšenica B Triticum aestivum 42[26] Heksaploid sa 2n=6x=42. Durum (tvrda) pšenica je Triticum turgidum var. durum, tetraploid 2n=4x=28.[26]
Vjeverica Ž Gulo gulo 42
Dabar (američki) Ž Castor canadensis 40
Evropski tvor Ž Mustela putorius 40
Lasica Ž Mustela putorius furo 40
Hijena Ž Hyaenidae 40
Sarajevska udovičica B Knautia sarajevensis 40[35] Bosanskohercegovački endem
Mango B Mangifera indica 40[26]
Miš Ž Mus musculus 40[36]
Američka kuna Ž Martes americana 38
Kuna zlatica Ž Martes foina 38
Mačka Ž Felis catus 38
Evropska kuna Ž Mustela lutreola 38
Lav Ž Panthera leo 38
Svinja Ž Sus scrofa, S. s. domestica, S. s. meridionalis 38
Borova kuna Ž Martes martes 38
Rakun Ž Procyon lotor 38[37]
Samur Ž Martes zibellina 38
Tigar Ž Panthera tigris 38
Ilirska ivančica B Leucanthemum illyricum 36, 54, 72[35] Endem Dinarida, diploid, triploid i tetraploid
Kišna glista Ž Lumbricus terrestris 36
Dugonosi mungos Ž Mungos 36
Merkat Ž Suricata suricatta 36
Crvena panda Ž Ailurus fulgens 36
Morska zvijezda Ž Asteroidea 36
Tibetska pješčana lisica Ž Vulpes ferrilata 36
Žuti mungos Ž Cynictis penicillata 36
Crvena lisica Ž Vulpes vulpes 34[15] Plus 3-5 microsoma.
Hofmanova suprašnica B Symphyandra hofmannii 34[35] Bosanskohercegovački endem
Alfalfa B Medicago sativa 32[26] Kultivirana alfalfa je tetraploid, sa 2n=4x=32. Divlji srodnici imaju 2n=16.[26]
Američki jazavac Ž Taxidea taxus 32
Evropska medonosna pčela Ž Apis mellifera 32 Ženke: 32, mužjak: haploid ili monoplloid n=16.
Kvasac OE Saccharomyces cerivisiae
Paprika B Solanum dulcamara 24[38][39]
Paradajz B Physalis pubescens 24[40]
Srebrenolisna pomoćnica B Solanum elaeagnifolium 24[41]
Riža B Oryza sativa 24[26]
Puž Ž Gastropoda 24
Grah B Phaseolus 22[26] Sve vrste imaju isti hromosomski broj:P. vulgaris, P. coccineus, P. acutifolis, i P. lunatus.[26]
Konoplja B Cannabis sativa 20
Kukuruz B Zea mays 20[26]
Kupus B Brassica oleracea 18[26] Brokule, kupus, kelj, keleraba, karfiol, and Prokula imaju isti hromosomski broj.[26]
Rotkva B Raphanus sativus 18[26]
Melandorfova udovičica B Alyssum mellendorffianum 16[35] Bosanskohercegovački endem
Kengur Ž Macropodidae 16 Nekoliko pripadnika roda Macropus, ali ne i crvenog kengura (M. rufus, 2n=40)[42]
Koala Ž Phascolarctos cinereus 16
Ječam B Hordeum vulgare 14[26]
Grašak B Pisum sativum 14[26]
Raž B Secale cereale 14[26]
Tasmanijski đavo Ž Sarcophilus harrisii 14
Nematode Ž Caenorhabditis elegans 12/11 12 hermafroditi, 11 mužjaci
Močvarni valabi Ž Wallabia bicolor 10/11 Mužjak: 11, ženka: 10
Dinarski dimek B Crepis dinarica 8[35] Endem Dinarida
Vinska mušiva Ž Drosophyla melanogaster 8 6 autosomnih i 2 spolna
Indijski muntjak Ž Muntiacus muntjak 6/7[43] Ženke/mužjaci (hermafroditi)
Komarac Ž Aedes aegypti 6[44] Hromosomski broj 2n=6 je zajednički u familiji Culicidae, izuzev Chagasia bathana koji ima 2n=8.[44]
Pauk Ž Tetrachus 4–14[45] Pauci familije Tetranychidae su tipični haplodiploid; mužjaci su haploidi, a ženke diploidi)[45]
Mrav skakač Ž Myrmecia pilosula 2[46] Ženke: 2, mužjaci su haplodiploidi pa imaju samo 1; najmanji mogući broj. Druge vrste imaju više hromosoma.[46]

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Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut...

 

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