Biljožderi

Bjelorepa srna (Odocoileus virginianus) i lanad jedu lišće.
Gusjenica se hrani lišćem

Biljožderi ili biljojedi (herbivori) su životinje koje su anatomski i fiziološki prilagođene na ishranu biljnim materijalom (npr. lišćem) kao glavnom komponentom ishrane. Kao adaptaciju na ovakvu ishranu, biljojedne životinje obično imaju prilagođene hrapavi ili za mrvljenje prilagođeno zubalo. Konji i drugi biljojedi imaju široke zube koji su prilagođeni za brušenje trave, kore drveta, i drugih tvrdih biljnih materijala. Pored toga, i cijeli probavni sistem im je prilagođen preradi celuloze i njenih derivata. Tako, npr., zbog specijalizacije na biljnu hranu biljožderi imaju duži probavni trakt, veći želudac, jače vilice a kod sisara široke kutne zube nego mesožderi ili svežderi. To se osobito odnosi na niz specijaliziranih struktura želuca i crijeva, koji su specifični za pojedine redove biljojeda.

Latinska kovanica herbivora potiče od od riječi herba ( = male biljke ili biljka) i vora od vorare (= da jede ili proždire).[1][2][3]

Biljožderi se mogu naći na kopnu, u moru i slatkim vodama. Biljožderi su uglavnom sisari. Poznatiji su konji i primati. Svi su primati biljožderi, izuzmemo li ljude i babune. Također čimpanaze ponekad jedu meso manjih životinja.

Strategije biljojeda

Na osnovu specijalizacije na ishranu posebnim izvorima biljnih materijala i proizvoda, biljojedi se mogu podijeliti u niz osobenih skupina, kao što su one u priloženoj tabeli (ispod).

Tipovi strategije ishrane
Strategija Hrana Primjer
Frugivori Voće Runasti lemur
Folivori Lišće Koala
Nektarivori Nektar Medni posum
Granivori Sjemenke Hawajskiski puzavac
Palinovori Polen Pčele
Mukivori Biljne tečnosti (sokovi) Biljne uši
Ksilofagi Drvo Termiti

Reference

  1. ^ Sterner R. W., Elser J. J., Vitousek P. (200): Ecological stoichiometry: The biology of elements from molecules to the biosphere.Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691074917.
  2. ^ Likens E. (2010):Lake ecosystem ecology: A global perspective. Academic Press, ISBN 978-0123820020.
  3. ^ Sofradžija A., Šoljan D., Hadžiselimović R. (1996): Biologija 1, Svjetlost, Sarajevo, ISBN 9958-10-686-8.

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