Клон (еволюция)

Клад или монофилетична група (от старогръцки κλάδος – „клон“) е група от организми, състояща се от един общ предшественик (индивид, популация, вид) и всички произлезли от него наследници.[1] Предшественикът може да е съществуващ, изчезнал (но познат от вкаменелости) или изчезнал и непознат (хипотетичен).[2]

Исторически контекст

В първоначалните опити за систематизиране на организмите от времето на Карл Линей, организмите са били групирани по външно подобие, което често не отразявало еволюционните връзки между организмите. С развитието на теорията на еволюцията, се възприема нов начин на класификация, наречен кладистика, за да се разграничи от стария метод. Кладистиката групира организмите според техния филогенетичен произход именно в групи наречени клади. В съвременната систематика (таксономия), това е общоприетият начин на класификация, но понякога се допускат изключения – например влечугите не са монофилетична група, защото не включват произлезлите от тях птици.

Източници

  1. ↑ The PhyloCode, Chapter 1 // International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature, 2009. Архивиран от оригинала на 2010-06-15. Посетен на 23 януари 2010.
  2. ↑ Envall, Mats. On the difference between mono-, holo-, and paraphyletic groups: a consistent distinction of process and pattern // Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 94. 2008. DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.00984.x. с. 217.

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