Абхазки език

Абхазки език
аҧсуа бызшәа
СтранаАбхазия, Русия и др.
РегионКавказ
Говорещиоколо 200 000
Писменосткирилица
Систематизация по Ethnologue
-Кавказки
.-Севернокавказки
..-Абхазо-адигейски
...-Абхазо-абазински
....→Абхазки
Официално положение
Официален в Абхазия
Малцинствен в Грузия
Кодове
ISO 639-1ab
ISO 639-2abk
ISO 639-3abk
Абхазки език в Общомедия

Абхазкият език (на абхазки: аҧсуа бызшәа, аҧсшәа) е кавказки език, говорен от народа абхазци, които живеят предимно в Грузия, Абхазия, Русия, Турция, но има малки групи от изселници в някои държави от Близкия изток (Сирия, Йордания). Най-близък до абхазкия език е абазинския език.

Диалекти

Абхазкият език има три основни диалекта:

  • абжуйски: разпространен в Кавказ
  • бзипски: разпространен в Кавказ и Турция
  • садзки: разпространен в Турция

Фонетика

Като повечето кавказки езици абхазкият език има голям брой съгласни звукове (над 50) и само 2 гласни звука (/а/, /ы/).

Писменост

Използва се разширен вариант на кирилицата, в който има много двубуквени съчетания: буква + /ь/ означава смекчаване, а буква + /ә/ – лабиализация.

Латинската азбука, употребявана между 1928 и 1938 година и кирилските ѝ съответствия.
Съвременната абхазка кирилска азбука
Буква Транскрипция IPA-стойност
А а a /a/; /aː/ (< */ʕa, aʕ/)
Б б b /b/
В в v /v/
Г г g /ɡ/
Гь гь g' /ɡʲ/
Гә гә /ɡʷ/
Ҕ ҕ ġ /ɣ ~ ʁ/
Ҕь ҕь ġ' /ɣʲ ~ ʁʲ/
Ҕә ҕә ġ° /ɣʷ ~ ʁʷ/
Д д d /d/
Дә дә /dʷ/ [d͡b]
Е е e /ɛ/
Ж ж ž /ʐ/
Жь жь ž' /ʒ/
Жә жә ž° /ʒʷ/
З з z /z/
(Ҙ ҙ) /ʑ/
Ӡ ӡ ʒ /d͡z/
Ӡә ӡә ʒ° /d͡ʑʷ/
(Ӡ’ ӡ’) /d͡ʑ/
И и i /j, jɨ, ɨj/ [j, jə, iː]
К к k /kʼ/
Кь кь k' /kʼʲ/
Кә кә /kʼʷ/
Қ қ /kʰ/
Қь қь k̢' /kʲʰ/
Қә қә k̢° /kʷʰ/
Ҟ ҟ /qʼ/
Ҟь ҟь k̄' /qʼʲ/
Ҟә ҟә k̄° /qʼʷ/
Л л l /l/
М м m /m/
Н н n /n/
О о o /wa, aw/ [o]
П п p /pʼ/
Ҧ ҧ /pʰ/
Р р r /r/
С с s /s/
(Ҫ ҫ) /ɕ/
Т т t /tʼ/
Тә тә /tʼʷ/ [tʼ͡pʼ]
Ҭ ҭ /tʰ/
Ҭә ҭә t̢° /tʷʰ/ [t͡pʰ]
У у u /w, wɨ, ɨw/ [w, wə, uː]
Ф ф f /f/
Х х x /x ~ χ/
Хь хь x' /xʲ ~ χʲ/
Хә хә /xʷ ~ χʷ/
(Х’ х’) /χ ~ χˁ/
Ҳ ҳ /ħ/
Ҳә ҳә x̢° /ħʷ/
Ц ц c /t͡sʰ/
Цә цә /t͡ɕʷʰ/
(Ц’ ц’) /t͡ɕʰ/
Ҵ ҵ /t͡sʼ/
Ҵә ҵә c̄° /t͡ɕʼʷ/
(Ҵ’ ҵ’) /t͡ɕʼ/
Ч ч č /t͡ʃʰ/
Ҷ ҷ č̢ /t͡ʃʼ/
Ҽ ҽ ċ /t͡ʂʰ/
Ҿ ҿ ċ̨ /t͡ʂʼ/
Ш ш š /ʂ/
Шь шь š' /ʃ/
Шә шә š° /ʃʷ/
Ы ы y /ɨ/
Ҩ ҩ /ɥ ~ ɥˁ/ (< */ʕʷ/)
Џ џ ǰ /d͡ʐ/
Џь џь ǰ' /d͡ʒ/

Граматични особености

Смята се за аглутинативен език. Именната система има само 2 падежа (пряк и косвен), докато глаголната система е полисинтетична.

История и състояние на езика

Най-ранните текстове на абхазки език са записани през 17 век от пътешественика Евлия Челеби. По времето на Сталин използването на езика е забранено.

През 2007 година властите в Абхазия приемат закон, с който езикът става единствен официален в Абхазия от 2010 година. Това обаче не се приема от голяма част от населението, която има друг роден език. Преподаването на абхазки език е затруднено допълнително от липсата на квалифицирани учители в Абхазия.

Допълнителна литература

  • Chirikba, V. A. (1996) 'A Dictionary of Common Abkhaz'. Leiden.
  • Chirikba, V. A. (2003) 'Abkhaz'. – Languages of the World/Materials 119. Muenchen: Lincom Europa.
  • Hewitt, B. George (1979) 'Abkhaz: A descriptive Grammar'. Amsterdam: North Holland.
  • Hewitt, B. George (1989) Abkhaz. In John Greppin (ed.), The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus Vol. 2. Caravan Books, New York. 39 – 88.
  • Vaux, Bert and Zihni Psiypa (1997) The Cwyzhy Dialect of Abkhaz. Harvard Working Papers in Linguistics 6, Susumu Kuno, Bert Vaux, and Steve Peter, eds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.


Северозападнокавказки езици
Абхазо-абазински абазински | абхазки
Адигейски адигейски | кабардински
Убихски убихски
Забележки: †мъртъв език

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