Абсалют (філасофія)

У паняцця ёсць і іншыя значэнні, гл. Абсалют.

Абсалют ці абсалютнае (лац.: absolutus — безумоўны) — адноснасць, якая вылучае сувязь паміж паняццем (канцэптам) і яго непасрэдным значэннем. Такі канцэпт, у адноснасці да такога значэння, нейкай існасці, разглядаецца як абсалютны.

Абсалютнае супрацьпастаўляецца адноснаму, або рэлятыўнаму, — умоўнаму, якое залежыць ад тых або іншых умоў, мінучаму, часаваму. Старажытна-грэчаскай філасофіяй абсалютнае тлумачылася як бок дасканаласці, завершанасці, самадастатковасці і выяўлялася паняццямі «па прыродзе», «само па сабе», «у чыстым выглядзе»; яму супрацьпастаўлялася адноснае як залежнасць ад іншага або што адносіцца да іншага.

Асабліва шырока тэрмін «абсалютнае» выкарыстоўваўся ў сярэднявечнай філасофіі, прычым у розных сэнсах. Пад абсалютным разумелася, у прыватнасці: вольнае ад матэрыяльных умоў, ад выпадковасці; прыкладнасць да ўсякага быцця; неабумоўленае; не звязанае з нейкімі чыннікамі; вольнае ад разумовых абмежаванняў.

У сучаснай філасофіі шматзначнасць абсалютнага захавалася. Абсалютнае можа азначаць дасканалае, завершанае, універсальнае, неабумоўленае, вольнае ад абмежаванняў, а таксама невымоўнае, не здольнае быць прадметам думкі, строгае, літаральнае, безумоўнае, якое не з’яўляецца сімвалічным або метафарычным. Напрыклад, «абсалютная ісціна», «абсалютная прастора», «абсалютнае Эга», «абсалютная неабумоўленасць» і г.д.

Супрацьлегласцю абсалютнасці з’яўляецца адноснасць.

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