Agama

Agama inggih punika makudang-kudang sosial-sistem budaya, rumasuk sane katentuang parilaksana lan praktik, moral, kapercayaan, pandangan jagat, téks, genah sané kasuciang, nubuat, étika, utawi organisasi, sané umumnyané mapaiketan sareng indik gaib, transendental, lan spiritual manusa.[1]—yadiastun nénten wenten konsénsus sains indik napi sané tepatnyané dados agama.[2][3] Agama sane mabinayan minab utawi nenten madaging makudang-kudang unsur ngawit saking ilahi,[4] kasakralan,[5] sradha,[6] lan utawi makhluk-makhluk gaib.[7]

Wit saking kapercayaan agama inggih punika pitaken sané mabuka, antuk minab pidarta sané ngeranjing kasadaran indik sédané individu, rasa komunitas, lan ipian.[8] Agama madué babad suci, narasi, lan mitologi, sanékalestariang ring tradisi lisan, téks suci, simbol, lan genah suci, sané minab mautsaha nlatarang indik fénoména asal-usul kahuripan, alam semesta, miwah sané lianan.

Praktik agama minakadi ritual, pidarta, pikélingan utawi pamujaan (ring déwa utawi santo), kurban, festival, pésta, trans, inisiasi, ayah-ayahan pawiwahan lan pangabénan, méditasi, doa, musik, seni, tari, utawi pelayanan publik.

Wénten kirang langkung 10.000 agama sané mabinayan ring sajebag jagat,[9] yadiastun sampun akéh sané madué pangikut mabasis régional, sané relatif alit. Petang agama—Kristen, Islam, Hindu, lan Budhha—ngawetuang langkungan saking 77% saking populasi jagaté, lan 92% saking jagaté nganutin silih sinunggil saking petang agama punika agama utawi ngidentifikasi pinaka ten-agama,[10] suksmannyané sisa 9.000+ agama wantah 8% saking populasi sané kagabungan. Demograpi sané nénten mapaiketan sareng agama rumasuk sané nénten ngidentifikasi sareng agama, atéis, lan agnostik, yadiastun akeh ring demograpi kantun madué makudang-kudang keyakinan agama.[11]

Akéh agama jagat taler agama kaorganisir, sané pinih pastika ngranjing agama Abrahamik punika Kristén, Islam, lan Yahudi, nanging sané lianan kabaosang kirang, khususnyane agama rakyat, agama adat, miwah makudang-kudang agama Kangin. Atenga saking populasi jagaté inggih punika anggota gerakan agama anyar.[12] Para sujana sampun nyihnayang indik religiositas global minab sayan nincap santukan panegara-panegara sané maagama madue angka kaembasan sane tegehan.[13]

studi agama puniki kawangun antuk makudang-kudang disiplin ilmu akademik, minakadi téologi, tattwa agama, agama komparatif, miwah studi ilmiah sosial. Teori-teori agama ngaturang makudang - kudang panlataran indik wit lan pakaryan nyane, ngeranjing dasar ontologis agama makhluk ​​lan keyakinan.[14]

  1. ↑ "Religion – Definition of Religion by Merriam-Webster". Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 12 March 2021. Kaaksés 16 December 2019.
  2. ↑ Morreall, John; Sonn, Tamara (2013). "Myth 1: All Societies Have Religions". 50 Great Myths of Religion. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 12–17. ISBN 978-0-470-67350-8.
  3. ↑ Pikobet nganggit: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Nongbri
  4. ↑ James 1902, p. 31.
  5. ↑ Durkheim 1915.
  6. ↑ Tillich, P. (1957) Dynamics of faith. Harper Perennial; (p. 1).
  7. ↑ Pikobet nganggit: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama vergote
  8. ↑ Pikobet nganggit: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Zeigler
  9. ↑ African Studies Association; University of Michigan (2005). History in Africa. 32. p. 119.
  10. ↑ "The Global Religious Landscape". 18 December 2012. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 19 July 2013. Kaaksés 18 December 2012.
  11. ↑ "Religiously Unaffiliated". The Global Religious Landscape. Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life. 18 December 2012. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 30 July 2013. Kaaksés 16 February 2022. The religiously unaffiliated include atheists, agnostics and people who do not identify with any particular religion in surveys. However, many of the religiously unaffiliated have some religious beliefs.
  12. ↑ Eileen Barker, 1999, "New Religious Movements: their incidence and significance", New Religious Movements: challenge and response, Bryan Wilson and Jamie Cresswell editors, Routledge ISBN 0-415-20050-4
  13. ↑ Zuckerman, Phil (2006). "3 – Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns". Ring Martin, Michael (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. pp. 47–66. doi:10.1017/CCOL0521842700.004. ISBN 978-1-13900-118-2.
  14. ↑ James, Paul (2018). "What Does It Mean Ontologically to Be Religious?". Ring Stephen Ames; Ian Barns; John Hinkson; Paul James; Gordon Preece; Geoff Sharp (eds.). Religion in a Secular Age: The Struggle for Meaning in an Abstracted World. Arena Publications. pp. 56–100. Kaarsipin saking versi asli tanggal 14 December 2021. Kaaksés 23 August 2018.