Lleis fonétiques del indoeuropéu

Lleis fonétiques del indoeuropéu
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Mapa de les principales isogloses ente les cañes del Indoeuropéu.

Cuando'l protoindoeuropéu (PIE) se disgregó, el so sistema de soníos facer tamién, acordies con ciertes lleis sonores, nes llingües fíes.

Notables ente elles son la palatalización que produció les llingües satem y la llei de Pedersen. Otros cambeos notables son les lleis de Grimm y Verner nel protoxermánicu, un cambéu independiente similar a la llei de Grimm n'armeniu, la perda de *p- prevocálica en protocéltico, la llei de Brugmann en protoindoiranio, la llei de Winter y la llei de Hirt en baltoeslavo, la fusión de les plosivas sonores y aspiraes y de /a/ y /o/ en distintes llingües "septentrionales". La llei de Bartholomae en indoiranio y la llei de Sievers en protoxermánicu y delles otres cañes pueden o nun ser una carauterística común yá nel primitivu indoeuropéu. Un númberu d'innovaciones, tanto fonolóxiques como morfolóxiques, formen carauterístiques d'área comunes a les llingües itálicu y célticu; ente elles atopen el pasu de consonantes labiovelares a consonantes llabiales en delles cañes itálicu y célticu, produciendo'l célticu P y el célticu Q (según itálicu P ya itálicu Q, anque estos términos son menos usaos). Otru grupu que comparte delles innovaciones d'área ye aquel formáu pol griegu, el indoiranio y l'armeniu; ente les innovaciones fonolóxiques comunes tán la llei de Grassmann y la perda de *s- prevocálica en protogriego.

Los símbolos ente corchetes representen la pronunciación oficial según l'AFI (vease la páxina correspondiente pa mayor información).

Consonantes

Consonantes indoeuropees y el so reflexu nes llingües derivaes
PIE Trad. PIE de les laringales Sánscritu Avésticu Antiguu Eslavu Eclesiást. Lituanu Armeniu Albanés Tocariu Hitita Griegu Llatín Irlandés antiguu Protogerm.
*p *p⁽ʰ⁾ p p p p h
w1
p p p p p Ø
ch /x/ 2
*f; ³; *p 4
*t *t⁽ʰ⁾ t t t t /tʰ/ t t
c [c] 5
t
z 5
t t t
th /θ/ 8
³
*t 4
*k̂ *k̂⁽ʰ⁾ ś s s š s th /θ/
k9
k
ś [ɕ] 9
k k k c /k/; ch /x/8 *x; ³
k 4
*k *k⁽ʰ⁾ k
c 5
k
c 5
k
č 5
c /ʦ/ 10
k /kʰ/ k [k]
*kʷ *kʷ⁽ʰ⁾ k
s 5
q [c] 10
ku /kʷ/ p
t 5
k 6
qu /kʷ/
c /k/ 7
c /k/
ch /x/ 8
*xʷ; *ɣʷ, *w ³; 4
*b *p' b b b b p b p p b b b *p
*d *t’ d d d d t d
dh /ð/ 8
ʦ
ś [ɕ] 5
t d d d
dh /ð/ 8
*t
*k̂’ j /ɟ͡ʝ/ z z ž /ʒ/ c /ʦ/ dh /ð/
g 9
k
ś [ɕ] 9
k g g g
gh /ɣ/ 8
*k
*g *k’ g [g]; j [ɟ] 5 g [g]; j [ʤ] 5 g [g]; ž [ʒ] 5; dz [ʣ] 10 g [g] k [k] g
*gʷ *kʷ’ g
z 5
gj /ɟ/ 10
ku /kʷ/ b
d 5
g 6
o /w/
gu /gʷ/ 15
b
m, bh /w/ 8
*kʷ
*bʰ *b⁽ʰ⁾ / *pʰ bh /bʱ/ b b b b
w 8
b p p ph /pʰ/ f
b 8
b
m, bh /m, w/8
*dʰ *d⁽ʰ⁾ / *tʰ dh [dʱ] d [d] d [d] d [d] d [d] d [d] t [t]; c [c] 5 t [t] th [tʰ] f [f]; d 8; b [b] 14 d [d]; dh [ð] 8
*ĝʰ *ĝ⁽ʰ⁾ / *k̂ʰ h [ɦ] z [z] z [z] ž [ʒ] j [ʣ]; z [z] 8 dh [ð]; d [d] 9 k [k]; ś [ɕ] 5 k [k] ch [kʰ] h [h]; h [h] / g [g] 9 g [g]; gh [ɣ] 5
*gʰ *g⁽ʰ⁾ / *kʰ gh [gʱ]; h [ɦ] 5 g [g]; ǰ [ʤ] 5 g [g]; ž [ʒ] 5; dz ʣ 10 g [g] g [g]; ǰ [ʤ] 5
*gʷʰ *gʷ⁽ʰ⁾ / *kʷʰ g [g]; z [z] 5; gj [ɟ] 10 ku [kʷ] ph [pʰ]; th [tʰ] 5; ch [kʰ] 6 f [f]; g [g] / o [w] 8; gu [gʷ] 15 g [g] *ɣʷ
*s *s s [s]; [ʂ] 11 h [h, x]; s [s] 2; š [ʃ] 11 s [s]; x [x] 11 s [s]; š [ʃ] 11 h [h]; s [s] 2; [-] 8 sh [ʃ]; gj [ɟ] 12 s [s]; [ʂ] š [s] h [h]; s [s] 2; [-] 8 s [s]; r [r] 8 s [s] *s; *z ³
*m *m m [m] m [m] m [m]; ˛ [˜] 13 m [m]; n [n] 13 m [m]; n [n] 13 m [m]; Ø 13 m [m]; Ø 13 m [m]; n [n] 13 m [m]; n [n] 13 m [m] b [b]; m, bh [m, w] 8; n [n] 13 *m; Ø 13
*n *n n [n] n [n] n [n] n [n] n [n] n [n] n [n]; ñ [ɲ] n [n] n [n] n [n] n [n] *n
*l *l r [r] (dial. l [l]) r [r] l [l] l [l] l [l], ɫ [ɫ > ɣ] l [l]; ll [ɫ] 8 l [l] l [l] l [l] l [l] l [l] *l
*r *r r [r] r [r] r [r] r [r] r [ɹ] r [ɾ] r [r] r [r] r [r] r [r] r [r] *r
*i̯ *i̯ y [j] y [j] j [j] j [j] Ø gj [ɟ]; Ø y [j] y [j] z [?zd/ʣ > z] / h [h]; Ø 8 i [j]; Ø 8 Ø *j
*o̯ *o̯ v [ʋ] v [w] v [v] v [ʋ] g [g] / w [w] v [v] w [w] w [w] w > h / Ø [w > h / -] o [w > v] f [f]; Ø / w [w] 8 *w
PIE Trad. PIE Glotal Sánscritu Avéstico Antiguu Eslavu Eclesiást. Lituanu Armeniu Albanu Tocariu Hitita Griegu Llatín Irlandés antiguu Protogerm.
Notes:
  • 1 Dempués de vocal.
  • 2 Ante una plosiva (p, t, k).
  • ³ Ante una vocal non tónica (Llei de Verner).
  • 4 Tres una fricativa (protogermánica) (s, f).
  • 5 Ante una vocal anterior (protoindoeuropea) (i, y).
  • 6 Antes o tres una vocal (PIE) o.
  • 7 Antes o tres les vocales (PIE) o, o.
  • 8 Ente vocales.
  • 9 Ante una resonante.
  • 10 Ante vocal secundaries anteriores (PIE tardíu).
  • 11 Tres r, o, k, i (RUKI).
  • 12 Ante vocal tónica.
  • 13 A la fin de pallabra.
  • 14 Tres o, r o ante r, l.
  • 15 Tres n.

Vocales y consonantes silábiques

vocales y consonantes silábiques protoindoeuropeas, y el so reflexu nes llingües derivaes
PIE Trad. PIE Glotal Sánscritu Avéstico A. E. E. Lituanu Armeniu Albanés Tocariu Hitita Griegu Llatín Irlandés ant. Góticu
*p *p⁽ʰ⁾ p p p p h
w1
p p p p p Ø
ch /x/ 2
*f; 3; *p 4
*t *t⁽ʰ⁾ t t t t /tʰ/ t t
c [c] 5
t
z 5
t t t
th /θ/ 8
3
*t 4
*k̂ *k̂⁽ʰ⁾ ś s s š s th /θ/
k9
k
ś [ɕ] 9
k k k c /k/; ch /x/8 *x; 3
k 4
*k *k⁽ʰ⁾ k
c 5
k
c 5
k
č 5
c /ʦ/ 10
k /kʰ/ k [k]
*kʷ *kʷ⁽ʰ⁾ k
s 5
q [c] 10
ku /kʷ/ p
t 5
k 6
qu /kʷ/
c /k/ 7
c /k/
ch /x/ 8
*xʷ; *ɣʷ, *w 3; 4
*b *p’ b b b b p b p p b b b *p
*d *t’ d d d d t d
dh /ð/ 8
ʦ
ś [ɕ] 5
t d d d
dh /ð/ 8
*t
*k̂’ j /ɟ͡ʝ/ z z ž /ʒ/ c /ʦ/ dh /ð/
g 9
k
ś [ɕ] 9
k g g g
gh /ɣ/ 8
*k
*g *k’ g [g]; j [ɟ] 5 g [g]; j [ʤ] 5 g [g]; ž [ʒ] 5; dz [ʣ] 10 g [g] k [k] g
*gʷ *kʷ’ g
z 5
gj /ɟ/ 10
ku /kʷ/ b
d 5
g 6
u /w/
gu /gʷ/ 15
b
m, bh /w/ 8
*kʷ
*bʰ *b⁽ʰ⁾ / *pʰ bh /bʱ/ b b b b
w 8
b p p ph /pʰ/ f
b 8
b
m, bh /m, w/8
*dʰ *d⁽ʰ⁾ / *tʰ dh [dʱ] d [d] d [d] d [d] d [d] d [d] t [t]; c [c] 5 t [t] th [tʰ] f [f]; d 8; b [b] 14 d [d]; dh [ð] 8
*ĝʰ *ĝ⁽ʰ⁾ / *k̂ʰ h [ɦ] z [z] z [z] ž [ʒ] j [ʣ]; z [z] 8 dh [ð]; d [d] 9 k [k]; ś [ɕ] 5 k [k] ch [kʰ] h [h]; h [h] / g [g] 9 g [g]; gh [ɣ] 5
*gʰ *g⁽ʰ⁾ / *kʰ gh [gʱ]; h [ɦ] 5 g [g]; ǰ [ʤ] 5 g [g]; ž [ʒ] 5; dz ʣ 10 g [g] g [g]; ǰ [ʤ] 5
*gʷʰ *gʷ⁽ʰ⁾ / *kʷʰ g [g]; z [z] 5; gj [ɟ] 10 ku [kʷ] ph [pʰ]; th [tʰ] 5; ch [kʰ] 6 f [f]; g [g] / u [w] 8; gu [gʷ] 15 g [g] *ɣʷ
*s *s s [s]; [ʂ] 11 h [h, x]; s [s] 2; š [ʃ] 11 s [s]; x [x] 11 s [s]; š [ʃ] 11 h [h]; s [s] 2; [-] 8 sh [ʃ]; gj [ɟ] 12 s [s]; [ʂ] š [s] h [h]; s [s] 2; [-] 8 s [s]; r [r] 8 s [s] *s; *z 3
*m *m m [m] m [m] m [m]; ˛ [˜] 13 m [m]; n [n] 13 m [m]; n [n] 13 m [m]; Ø 13 m [m]; Ø 13 m [m]; n [n] 13 m [m]; n [n] 13 m [m] b [b]; m, bh [m, w] 8; n [n] 13 *m; Ø 13
*n *n n [n] n [n] n [n] n [n] n [n] n [n] n [n]; ñ [ɲ] n [n] n [n] n [n] n [n] *n
*l *l r [r] (dial. l [l]) r [r] l [l] l [l] l [l], ɫ [ɫ > ɣ] l [l]; ll [ɫ] 8 l [l] l [l] l [l] l [l] l [l] *l
*r *r r [r] r [r] r [r] r [r] r [ɹ] r [ɾ] r [r] r [r] r [r] r [r] r [r] *r
*i̯ *i̯ y [j] y [j] j [j] j [j] Ø gj [ɟ]; Ø y [j] y [j] z [?zd/ʣ > z] / h [h]; Ø 8 i [j]; Ø 8 Ø *j
*u̯ *u̯ v [ʋ] v [w] v [v] v [ʋ] g [g] / w [w] v [v] w [w] w [w] w > h / Ø [w > h / -] u [w > v] f [f]; Ø / w [w] 8 *w
PIE Trad. PIE Glotal Sánscritu Avéstico A. E. E. Lituanu Armeniu Albanés Tocariu Hitita Griegu Llatín Irlandés ant. Góticu
Notes
  • 1 Ante wa.
  • 2 Ante r, h.
  • 3 La esistencia d'una a protoindoeuropea non alófona ta aldericada.
  • 4 En sílabes abiertes (Llei de Brugmann).
  • 5 Col acentu.
  • 6 Ante consonante palatales.
  • 7 L'asina llamada rotura ta aldericada (exemplos típicos son *proti-h₃kʷo- > Vei. prátīkam ~ Gr. πρόσωπον; *gʷih₃o̯o- > Vei. jīvá- ~ Arm. keank‘, Gr. ζωός; *duh₂ro- > Vei. dūrá- ~ Arm. erkar, Gr. δηρός)
  • 8 En sílaba final.
  • 9 Ante velar y átono.
  • 10 Ante una ā na sílaba siguiente.
  • 11 Ante una ina sílaba siguiente.
  • 12 En sílaba zarrada.
  • 13 En cercanía de llabiales.
  • 14 En cercanía de labiovelares.

Ver tamién



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