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Zoltán Kodály
Zoltán Kodály
	Kodály in the 1930s
Born	16 December 1882; Kecskemét, Kingdom of Hungary
Died	6 March 1967 (aged 84); Budapest, Hungary
Education	Ferenc Liszt Academy of Music
Occupations	Composer; Ethnomusicologist; Music pedagogue;
Known for	Kodály Method
Signature

Zoltán Kodály (UK: /ˈkoʊdaɪ/, US: /koʊˈdaɪ/;^[1]^[2] Hungarian: Kodály Zoltán, pronounced [ˈkodaːj ˈzoltaːn]; 16 December 1882 – 6 March 1967) was a Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist, music pedagogue, linguist, and philosopher. He is well known internationally as the creator of the Kodály method of music education.

Life

Born in Kecskemét, Kingdom of Hungary, Kodály learned to play the violin as a child. In 1900, he entered the Department of Languages at the University of Budapest and at the same time Hans von Kössler's composition class at the Royal Hungarian Academy of Music. After completing his studies, he studied in Paris with Charles-Marie Widor for a year.^[3]

In 1905 he visited remote villages to collect songs, recording them on phonograph cylinders. In 1906 he wrote a thesis on Hungarian folk song, "Strophic Construction in Hungarian Folksong". At around this time Kodály met fellow composer and compatriot Béla Bartók, whom he took under his wing and introduced to some of the methods involved in folk song collecting. The two became lifelong friends and champions of each other's music.

Duo for violin and cello (Op. 7, 1914)

Performed by members of the U.S. Army Band Strings

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All these works^{[clarification needed]} show great originality of form and content, a blend of highly sophisticated mastery of the western European style of music,^{[citation needed]} including classical, late-romantic, impressionistic and modernist traditions, and on the other hand a profound knowledge and respect for the folk music of Hungary (including the Hungarian-inhabited areas of modern-day Slovakia and Romania, as those territories were part of Hungary). Partly because of the Great War and subsequent major geopolitical changes in the region, and partly because of a naturally rather diffident temperament in youth, Kodály had no major public success until 1923. This was the year when one of his best-known pieces, Psalmus Hungaricus, was given its first performance at a concert to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the union of Buda and Pest (Bartók's Dance Suite premiered on the same occasion.)

Kodály's first wife was Emma Gruber (née Schlesinger, later Sándor), the dedicatee of Ernő Dohnányi's Waltz for piano with four hands, Op. 3, and Variations and Fugue on a theme by E.G., Op. 4 (1897).^[4] Emma died in November 1958, after 48 years of marriage.

Thirteen months later, in December 1959, Kodály married Sarolta Péczely [hu], his 19-year-old student at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music with whom he lived happily until his death in 1967 at the age of 84 in Budapest.^[5]

In 1966, Kodály toured the United States and gave a special lecture at Stanford University, where some of his music was performed in his presence.^[6]

Kodály methodology of musical education

Throughout his adult life, Kodály was very interested in the problems of many types of music education, and he wrote a large amount of material on teaching methods as well as composing plenty of music intended for children's use. Beginning in 1935, along with his colleague Jenő Ádám (14 years his junior), he embarked on a long-term project to reform music teaching in Hungary's lower and middle schools. His work resulted in the publication of several highly influential books.

The goals of the Kodály method can summarized into the following points:^[7]

Music is for everyone.
Music teaching should be sequential and begin with the child in mind.
Children should be taught music from an early age.
The sequence should be logical and follow the same process children learn language.
Music classes should be enjoyable and engaging.
Singing is the first and most valuable tool for learning musical concepts.
Teachers should pull from quality folk song materials in the "mother tongue" of the students.

The Hungarian music education program that developed in the 1940s became the basis for the Kodály Method. Although Kodály himself did not write down a comprehensive method, he did establish a set of principles to follow in music education, and these principles were widely taken up by pedagogues (above all in Hungary, but also in many other countries) after World War II. His practices also have evolved Kodály hand signs.

In the motion picture Close Encounters of the Third Kind, a visual learning aid distributed to members of a conference of ufologists was named the Kodály Method and referenced musical notes as hand signals.

Legacy and memorials

The city of Pécs commissioned a life-sized bronze statue, located in Szent István square, in his honour in 1976. The sculptor, Imre Varga, positioned the statue so that its back is to the Cathedral and it faces a former children's playground, reflecting the central importance to Kodály of musical education for children. He is depicted as an aged man, walking among horse-chestnut trees.^[8]

At one point during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, the Workers Councils proposed to form a government with Kodály as president "because of his great national and international reputation."^[9]

Selected works

Stage works

Háry János, Op. 15 (1926)
Székelyfonó (The Spinning Room) (1924–1932)

Orchestral

Idyll Summer Evening (1906, revised 1929)
Háry János Suite (1926)
Dances of Marosszék (1929; orchestration of the 1927 piano set)
Theatre Overture (1931) (originally intended for Háry János)
Dances of Galánta (1933)
Variations on a Hungarian folk song (Fölszállott a páva, or The Peacock Roared, 1939)
Concerto for Orchestra (1940)
Symphony in memoriam Toscanini (1961)