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Zinaida Vengerova
Zinaida Vengerova
	Vengerova in Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
Born	April 19, 1867; Sveaborg, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire
Died	1941 (aged 73–74); New York City, New York, U.S.
Occupation	Literary critic, author
Education	Institute of Higher Studies for Women, St. Petersburg (European Literature); Sorbonne ;
Literary movement	Symbolism, Decadent movement
Years active	1908–1941
Spouse	Nikolai Minsky (m. 1925)

Zinaida Vengerova (April 19, 1867 – 1941) was a Russian literary critic and translator. She is considered one of the few women who were highly educated during her time, having studied in universities in Russia, France, and England.^[1] For her works, she had been described as "a literary ambassador between East and West".^[2] She also influenced the first generation of Russian symbolists through her writings about French symbolism.^[3]

Biography

Vengerova was born on April 19, 1867, in Sveaborg.^[4] Her mother, Paulina Iul'evna (Pauline Wengeroff), came from a wealthy family and was also a published author.^[4] Her grandfather on her mother's side, Ieguda Epstein, was noted for his commentaries about the Talmud.^[4] Her father, Chonon (Afanasy), was a banker in Minsk.^[4] Vengerova had two brothers and four sisters. Semyon, the older of her two brothers, became an author, academic, literary historian, and, like Vengerova, a literary critic.^[4]^[5] He is considered a pioneer of Russian literary history.^[6]

Vengerova grew up in Saint Petersburg before her family moved to Minsk, where she completed her gymnasium education in 1881.^[4] At an early age, Vengerova was exposed to literature and foreign languages. She continued her education in Vienna, where she studied in western European literature and went back to St. Petersburg to study at the Institute of Higher Studies for Women from 1884 to 1887.^[4]

Vengerova relocated to Paris, where she took classes in literature at the Sorbonne.^[7] She became acquainted with and was a long-time friend of Olga Petit, the first French woman to become a lawyer.^[7] In 1925, Vengerova married the symbolist poet Nikolai Minsky.^[8]

Vengerova was an émigré in Berlin, then Paris, and London. She went to live with her sister Isabelle Vengerova - a noted pianist^[5] - in New York after her husband's death in 1937 and lived there for four years.^[8]^[2] She died in 1941.^[4]

Works

Vengerova moved to London to work for the British Museum.^[4] From 1908 to 1912, she built her reputation in England serving as a specialist in Russian literature.^[2] By 1917, her translation of B.V. Savinkov's The Pale Horse was published in London and Dublin.^[2]

Vengerova is known for her criticism of conservatism as demonstrated in her approach to Russian literary criticism amid the new literary movements.^[7] She also stressed individuality and criticized portrayals of divisions between men and women based on biology.^[9]

Aside from her translation works, she wrote essays on noted literary figures such as Henrik Ibsen, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, H. G. Wells, Ezra Pound, Arthur Schnitzler^[10] and Gerhart Hauptmann, among others.^[1] She also wrote a column covering European literature for Vestnik Evropy (The Herald of Europe) periodical for fifteen years.^[1]

Decadence and symbolism

Vengerova and her husband became active in the Russian decadence and symbolism movements, which celebrated the cult of beauty and enjoyment.^[7]^[11] She pioneered Decadence as a "new art" and single-handedly constructed for Russians her interpretation of French Symbolism.^[12] A description of this approach was contained in her work, Symbolist Poets in France.^[12] This was embraced by the Russian intellectuals who favored Symbolism as self-appellation and the polemical potential of the way Vengerova's notion contrasted decadence and symbolism.^[12] The conflict or "factional squabble" that this created is said to designate what one rejected or accepted in "new art".^[12]

In 1905, she became the center of a minor controversy involving its adherents. Her husband instigated a protoecumenical ritual participated in by a group of intellectuals. It included drinking the "donated" blood of Vengerova.^[13] The event, which was intended as a bonding ritual, was described in the media as esoteric and anti-Semitic.^[13] Vengerova and her husband were both Jewish.^[13]

Publications

Symbolist Poets in France (Poety-simvolisty vo Frantsii) (1892)
Literary Characteristics (1897-1910)^[1]
English Writers of the 19th Century (1913)^[1]
English Futurists (Angliiskie Futuristy) (1915)^[14]
Sobranīe sochinenīĭ

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Vengerova, Zinaida (1867–1941) | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gamsa, Mark (2008). The Chinese Translation of Russian Literature: Three Studies. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-90-04-16844-2.
^ Beasley, Rebecca (2020). Russomania: Russian culture and the creation of British modernism, 1881-1922. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 344. ISBN 978-0-19-880212-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Tomei, Christine D. (1999). Russian Women Writers. New York: Taylor & Francis. pp. 885–887. ISBN 0-8153-1797-2.
^ ^a ^b Schick, Robert D. (1982). The Vengerova System of Piano Playing. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 0-271-00313-8.
^ Glenn, Susan A.; Sokoloff, Naomi B. (2011). Boundaries of Jewish Identity. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-295-80083-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Neginsky, Rosina (2005). Zinaida Vengerova--in Search of Beauty: A Literary Ambassador Between East and West. Peter Lang. pp. 39, 79, 183. ISBN 978-3-631-53295-9.
^ ^a ^b Slonimsky, Nicolas (2012). Dear Dorothy: Letters from Nicolas Slonimsky to Dorothy Adlow. Rochester, NY: University Rochester Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-58046-395-9.
^ Hoogenboom, Hilde; Nepomnyashchy, Catharine Theimer; Reyfman, Irina (2008). Mapping the Feminine: Russian Women and Cultural Difference. Slavica. ISBN 978-0-89357-354-6.
^ The correspondence was edited in German: Die Korrespondenz von Arthur Schnitzler mit Isabella und Zinaida Vengerova. Ed. Konstantin Asadovski und Martin Anton Müller. In: Hofmannsthal-Jahrbuch zur europäischen Moderne, 2022, pp. 7–94, https://doi.org/10.5771/9783968219257-7
^ Neginsky, Rosina (2010). Symbolism, Its Origins and Its Consequences. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4438-2392-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Shevelenko, Irina (2018). Reframing Russian Modernism. Madison: University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-299-32040-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bird, Robert (2007). The Russian Prospero: The Creative Universe of Viacheslav Ivanov. Madison, Wisconsin: Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-299-21833-1.
^ TRUBIKHINA, JULIA (1998). "Imagists Rejected: Vengerova, Pound and a Few Do's and Don'ts of Russian Imaginism". Paideuma. 27 (2/3): 129–151. ISSN 0090-5674. JSTOR 24726191.