The town was established in Silesia as Frankenstein in the late 13th century by German settlers, during the reign of Henry IV Probus of the Piast dynasty, following the Mongol invasion of Poland. It was founded in the vicinity of the old Polish settlement of Sadlno, through which ran a trade route connecting Silesia and Bohemia.[2] The town was sited on a piece of land that belonged partly to the episcopal lands of Zwrócona and partly to the monastery at Trzebnica. The town was located between the sites of two previously existing towns that had failed to attract enough settlers: Frankenberg (Przyłęk) and Löwenstein (Koziniec), and inherited its German name from both. Its positioning on the so-called "King's Road" between Prague and Wrocław, not too far from the commercially important city of Kłodzko, would favour the development of the town. The town received municipal rights around 1280, the first mention of civitas Frankenstein is dated 10 January 1287. In 1295, Duke Bolko I the Strict granted the town staple right for salt and lead.[3] At the beginning of the 14th century, the first town hall and the castle were erected.[2] The city remained under rule of the Polish Piast dynasty before it was sold to the Bohemian (Czech) king in 1351.
In 1428, the city was invaded by the Hussites.[2] In 1456, Bohemian king Ladislaus the Posthumous gave the city in hereditary possession to the Czech noble Podiebrad family,[2] to which it belonged until 1569. The city was heavily damaged in 1468, during the Bohemian–Hungarian War,[2] and until 1490 it belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary, before becoming again part of Bohemia. In the 16th century, the castle and defensive walls were rebuilt.[2] Trade and craft flourished.[2] In the early 17th century, the plague killed about one third of the population, and it has been speculated that the Frankenstein gravediggers scandal at that time may have inspired the Frankenstein story.[4] The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) ended the town's prosperity.[2]Austrian and Swedish troops marched through the city, which was severely damaged.[2] Afterwards, until the late 19th century, it remained a small town.[2] In 1742 it was annexed by Prussia. In 1826, Fryderyk Chopin travelled through the town.[5]
Mid-19th century view of the market square
In 1858, the town burned down and had to be rebuilt.[3] On this occasion, the upper part of the 15th-century leaning tower was reconstructed in a straight manner. The town was a county seat from 1816 to 1945. From 1871 to 1918 it was part of the German Empire. In the final stages of World War II in 1945, a German-conducted death march of thousands of prisoners of several subcamps of the Auschwitz concentration camp passed through the town towards the Gross-Rosen concentration camp,[6] and additionally some prisoners from the Nazi prison in Kłodzko were moved to the town.[7] The town was not destroyed during the war.[2] After Germany's defeat, the town again became part of Poland, and was renamed to its historic Polish name Ząbkowice,[3] with the addition of the adjective Śląskie in 1946. The totality of its population was expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. Ząbkowice Śląskie was repopulated by Poles expelled from former Eastern Poland, annexed by the Soviet Union, as well as those arriving from central Poland.[2]
Sights
Ząbkowice Śląskie is often called the Silesian Pisa as it is known for its Leaning Tower (Krzywa Wieża), which is one of the main attractions of the town. However, there are also tourist attractions such as the 13th-century fortifications and the ruins of a 14th-century castle.
^ abcSłownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom XIV (in Polish). Warszawa. 1895. p. 507.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 670. ISBN978-0-253-06089-1.
^Dokumentacja Geograficzna (in Polish). Vol. 3/4. Warszawa: Instytut Geografii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. 1967. p. 60.
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