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Yunnanocephalus; Temporal range: Late Atdabanian-Botomian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Yunnanocephalus yunnanensis, 18 mm (0.71 in)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	†Trilobita
Order:	†Ptychopariida
Family:	†Yunnanocephalidae; Hupé, 1953
Genus:	†Yunnanocephalus; Kobayashi, 1936
Type species
	Ptychoparia yunnanensis;
Species
	Y. yunnanensis (Mansuy, 1912) ; Y. longioccipitalis Palmer & Rowell, 1995 ; Y. macromelos Paterson & Brock, 2007 ;
Synonyms
	Pseudoptychoparia;

Yunnanocephalus is a genus of ptychopariid trilobite. It lived during the late Atdabanian and Botomian stages, in what are currently Antarctica, Australia and China. It was a "moderately common" member of the Chengjiang Fauna.^[1] Yunnanocephalus is the only genus currently assigned to the Yunnanocephalidae family.^[2]

Description

Yunnanocephalus is a small (about 2 centimetres or 0.79 inches) trilobite with an inverted elongated egg-shaped outline. Its headshield (or cephalon) is ovate and twice as wide as long, slightly wider than and not confluent with the articulate middle part of the exoskeleton (or thorax). The raised central section (or glabella) is weakly defined, without clear furrows except for one defining the occipital ring, tapering forward, with the front straight and confluent with the eye ridges. The occipital ring is about as wide as the border and the axial rings of the thorax. The distance between the glabella and the frontal border is slightly wider that the border. The visual surface of the eye is rather small (about 20% of the length of the cephalon), with the front about halflength of the cephalon. The natural rupture line (or suture) anterior of the visual surface is parallel to the midline or converges slightly forward and from the back of the eye diverges to the middle of the widely rounded back edges of the cephalon. The thorax has 14 segments, with short triangular spines, the 3rd and 4th slightly wider than the frontal segments, and a small tailshield (or pygidium) consisting almost fully of the axis and post axial boss, with two vaguely defined axial rings.^[3]

Ontogeny

During the ontogenetic development of Y. yunnanensis between a late larval phase (meraspis degree 9, 2½mm) and the adult (or holaspis) the facial suture changes from proparian to gonatoparian. Although this development has also been observed in Duyunaspis duyunensis, it is really uncommon. Usually, proparian holaspid trilobites developed from opisthoparian meraspids due to a mechanism called heterochrony.^[4]

Distribution

Y. longioccipitalis is known from the Lower Cambrian of Antarctica (Atdabanian, Shackleton Limestone, 81.9° S, 158.7° E).^[5]
Y. macromelos has been found in the Lower Cambrian of Australia (Botomian, Mernmerna Formation, Angorichina station, east side of The Bunkers, 1 km S Balcoracana Creek, South-Australia, 31.2° S, 138.9° E).^[6]
Y. yunnanensis occurs in the Lower Cambrian of China (Atdabanian, Yuanshan or Qiongzhusi Formation, Chengjiang biota, near Haikou, Anning, Jinning, Jingmacun, Kunming, Yunnan, 24.8° N, 102.6° E;^[7] and Maotianshan Bed 4, 24.0° N, 102.0° E).^[8]

References

^ Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Trilobita entry)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on September 5, 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
^ Moore, R.C. (1959). Arthropoda I - Arthropoda General Features, Proarthropoda, Euarthropoda General Features, Trilobitomorpha. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Vol. Part O. Boulder, Colorado/Lawrence, Kansas: Geological Society of America/University of Kansas Press. pp. O212. ISBN 0-8137-3015-5.
^ Guang, Hou Xian; Aldridge, Richard J.; Bergstrom, Jan; Siveter, David J.; Siveter, Derek J.; Xian-Hong, Feng (2004). The Cambrian Fossils of Chengjiang, China: The Flowering of Early Animal Life. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-0673-5.
^ Dai, T.; Zhang, X. (2008). "Ontogeny of the trilobite Yunnanocephalus yunnanensis from the Chengjiang lagerstätte, lower Cambrian, southwest China". Alcheringa. 32 (4): 465–468. Bibcode:2008Alch...32..465D. doi:10.1080/03115510802418057. ISSN 0311-5518. S2CID 129582955.
^ Palmer, A.R.; Rowell, A.J. (1995). "Early Cambrian trilobites from the Shackleton Limestone of the Central Mountains". Journal of Paleontology. 69 (6): 1–28. Bibcode:1995JPal...69S...1P. doi:10.1017/S0022336000061424. S2CID 182206675. cited on Shanan Peters. "Shackleton Limestone; H-84 collections". Fossilworks. JSTOR 1315607.
^ Brock, G.A.; Patterson, J.R. (2004). "A new species of Tannuella (Helcionellida, Mollusca) from the Early Cambrian of South Australia". Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists. 30: 133–143. cited on Pete Wagner. "MMF/58.3. Angorichina station, east side of The Bunkers, 1 km S Balcoracana Cr". fossilworks. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
^ Steiner, M.; Zhu, M.; Zhao, Y.; Erdtmann, B.-D. (2005). "Lower Cambrian Burgess Shale-type fossil associations of South China". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 220 (1–2): 129–152. Bibcode:2005PPP...220..129S. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2003.06.001. cited on John Alroy. "Haikou [Yuanshan Fm (formerly Qiongzhusi)]". fossilworks. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
^ Yugan, J.; Xianguang, H.; Huayu, W. (1993). "Lower Cambrian pediculate lingulids from Yunnan, China". Journal of Paleontology. 67 (5): 788–798. Bibcode:1993JPal...67..788Y. doi:10.1017/S0022336000037057. S2CID 131913237. cited on Austin Hendy. "Maotianshan, Bed 4 [Yuanshan Fm]". fossilworks. Retrieved 17 December 2021.