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YF-100
	YF-100 rocket engine
Country of origin	China
First flight	Long March 6 inaugural flight (2015-09-20)
Designer	Academy of Aerospace Liquid Propulsion Technology
Associated LV	Long March 5, Long March 6 and Long March 7
Predecessor	RD-120
Status	In service
Liquid-fuel engine
Propellant	LOX / RP-1
Mixture ratio	2.6 (±10%) (adjustable)
Cycle	Oxidizer-rich staged combustion cycle
Configuration
Chamber	1
Nozzle ratio	35
Performance
Thrust, vacuum	1,340 kN (300,000 lbf)
Thrust, sea-level	1,200 kN (270,000 lbf)
Throttle range	65%~105%
Chamber pressure	18 MPa (2,600 psi)
Specific impulse, vacuum	335 seconds (3.29 km/s)
Specific impulse, sea-level	300 seconds (2.9 km/s)
Burn time	155 s (estimated)
Dimensions
Diameter	1.338 metres (52.7 in)
Used in
	Long March 5 K-3-1 and K-2-1 boosters, Long March 6, Long March 6A and Long March 6Cfirst stage and Long March 7, Long March 7A, Long March 8 and Long March 8A first stage and boosters.
References
References

The YF-100 is a Chinese liquid rocket engine burning LOX and kerosene in an oxidizer-rich staged combustion cycle.^[2]

Development of the engine began in the 2000s, along with its sibling, the smaller YF-115, which would power the upper stages of the Long March 6 and Long March 7 rockets.^[7]^[8]^[9] Testing was directed by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) commencing in 2005. Development works are mainly carried out by the Xi'an Aerospace Propulsion Institute. The engine had its first 300 seconds test fire in November 2007.^[10]

A high efficiency/high thrust environmentally-friendly rocket engine was always an objective within Programme 863 in the 1980s; however, Chinese industry was not mature enough at that time to produce such a rocket until they obtained RD-120s in early 1990 from Russia following the collapse of the USSR.^[7] It is the first Chinese rocket engine to adopt the staged-combustion cycle and the most powerful to date. During July 2012 the engine fired for 200 seconds generating 120 t (260,000 lb) of thrust.^[11] On May 28, 2012, the National Defense Science and Industry Bureau certified the engine.^[12]

The engine is designed for use on the first stage of the Chinese government's new generation of launch vehicles, the Long March 5, the Long March 6 and the Long March 7.^[7]^[8]^[9] The engine's maiden flight, on the Long March 6, took place on September 20, 2015.

Technical Description

The YF-100 is a pump-fed oxidizer rich staged combustion rocket engine. It has adjustable thrust and variable mixture ratio. Its preburner burns all the LOX mass flow with a bit of kerosene to generate hot gas that powers the single turbine. The turbopump is a single-shaft design, with a single-stage oxygen pump and a dual-stage kerosene pump driven by the same turbine. It also has two low-pressure pumps that prevent cavitation. This arrangement is very similar to the RD-170 design. The engine has a heat exchanger to heat oxygen gas for LOX tank pressurization, and also supplies high-pressure kerosene as hydraulic fluid for the thrust vector control actuators.^[13]

The development required ten years of research, requiring the mastering of 70 key technologies, the development of 50 new materials, and the construction of 61 sets of engines with a combined total of more than 40,000 seconds of ignition time by 2013.^[12]

Versions

At least five different versions are known to exist.

YF-100 (single-axis TVC): Version for the LM-5 and LM-7 boosters. This version of TVC has a single axis of gimbal.
YF-100 (dual-axis TVC): Version for the LM-7 core. This version TVC has a dual-axis gimbal.
YF-100GBI: A version used on the LM-6. Due to the rocket's single nozzle, a dual-axis gimbal can not control the rocket's roll. Therefore, this version of the engine diverts a portion of the preburner exhaust through two roll control nozzles on opposite sides of the launch vehicle at the expense of losing 0.30% of thrust and 0.79% of isp while the O/F is increased by 0.12%.^[14]
YF-100K: an uprated version of YF-100 used on the first stage cores of the future Long March 12 and Long March 10.^[15]
YF-100M: similar to the YF-100K but optimized for vacuum operation; a pair of YF-100M's will be used on the second stage of the Long March 10.^[16]

References

^ Tan, Yonghua; Du, Feiping; Chen, Jianhua; Zhang, Miao (2018). "液氧煤油高压补燃循环发动机深度变推力系统方案研究 - 中国知网". Journal of Propulsion Technology (推进技术) (39). doi:10.13675/j.cnki.tjjs.2018.06.001. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Chinese YF-100 (Russian RD-120) to Power CZ-5". SPACEPAC, The Space Public Affairs Committee. Archived from the original on 2017-10-25. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
^ "中国新一代液氧煤油发动机3：YF100/115主要特性 - 深空网". www.shenkong.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
^ Gunter Dirk Krebs. "CZ-5 (Chang Zheng-5)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
^ Gunter Dirk Krebs. "CZ-6 (Chang Zheng-6)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
^ Gunter Dirk Krebs. "CZ-7 (Chang Zheng-7)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Chang Zheng-5 (Long March-5)". SinoDefence. Archived from the original on 2015-07-03. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
^ ^a ^b "Chang Zheng-6 (Long March-6)". SinoDefence. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
^ ^a ^b "Chang Zheng-7 (Long March-7)". SinoDefence. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
^ "中国新型120吨液氧煤油火箭发动机已经试车成功" [China's new 120 tons of liquid oxygen kerosene rocket engine has been successfully fired] (in Chinese). 2005-11-09. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
^ Zach Rosenberg (2012-07-30). "China completes longest hot-fire engine test for Long March 5 core stage". Flightglobal - Aviation Connected. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
^ ^a ^b "120吨级液氧煤油发动机项目验收" [120-ton liquid oxygen kerosene engine project acceptance] (in Chinese). CASC. 2012-06-01. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
^ "YF-100". astronautix.com. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
^ ZHANG, Wei-dong; WANG, Dong-bao (2016). 新一代低温液体快速发射运载火箭及其发展 [New Generation Cryogenic Quick Launching Launch Vehicle and Development] (PDF). Aerospace Shanghai (in Chinese) (33). China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 1–7. doi:10.19328/j.cnki.1006-1639,2916.S1.001. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
^ Jones, Andrew (17 December 2021). "China's new rocket for crewed moon missions to launch around 2026". SpaceNews. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
^ Jones, Andrew (31 October 2022). "China tests engines for moon mission rocket". SpaceNews. Retrieved 18 May 2024.