Women in the United States Air Force

Janet Wolfenbarger became the first female four-star general in the Air Force in 2012.[1]

There have been women in the United States Air Force since 1948, and women continue to serve in it today.[2][3]

As of 2020, there were 69,564 total women on active duty in the US Air Force, with 14,325 serving as officers, and 55,239 enlisted. Of all the branches in the US military, the Air Force has the highest percentage of female active duty service members with women making up 21.1% of the US Air Force in 2020.[4]

History

Note that some minor wars in which women served have been omitted from this history.

1940s

Esther McGowin Blake was the first woman in the Air Force, having enlisted in the WAF the first minute of the first hour of the first day regular Air Force duty was authorized for women on July 8, 1948.[2][5][6]

The National Security Act of 1947 made the Air Force a separate military service.[7] That year, some Women’s Army Corps (WACs) members continued serving in the Army but performed Air Force duties.[7] In 1948 they were able to transfer to the Women's Air Force (called WAF), and some did.[5][7] WAF was created in 1948 with the Women's Armed Services Integration Act, which gave women permanent status in the Regular and Reserve forces of the Air Force.[6] Esther McGowin Blake was the first woman in the Air Force, having enlisted in the WAF the first minute of the first hour of the first day regular Air Force duty was authorized for women on July 8, 1948.[2][5][6] Also in 1948, Geraldine Pratt May became the first director of the WAF and was promoted to the rank of colonel making her the first woman colonel in the Air Force.[8]

Korean War and after until the Vietnam War

During the Korean War, medical air evacuation nurses were the only women in the Air Force allowed to serve in the Korean battle zone.[7] Other women carried out support roles at rear-echelon bases in Japan, as air traffic controllers, weather observers, radar operators, and photo interpreters.[7] By the end of the Korean War in 1953, 12,800 WAF officers and enlisted women were serving worldwide.[7]

According to scholars, since at least as early as 1960, Executive Order 10450 was applied to ban transgender individuals from serving in the United States military.[9][10] On May 17, 1963, gender transitioned or transitioning individuals were officially prohibited from the United States military by Army Regulation 40-501. This policy reasoned transgender people were medically unqualified to serve because their mental state was considered unfit.[11] Later, after varying restrictions over the years, there stopped being restrictions on people serving in the military due to their being transgender when President Joe Biden signed the "Executive Order on Enabling All Qualified Americans to Serve Their Country in Uniform" on January 25, 2021.[12][13]

Vietnam War

600 to 800 WAFs served in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War.[7] In addition to serving as nurses and medical evacuation personnel, WAFs also served in a variety of support staff assignments in hospitals, with MASH Units, in service clubs, in headquarters offices, and in intelligence, as well as in a variety of personnel positions.[7] In 1967 Public Law 90-130 was signed into law; it removed legal ceilings on women's promotions that had kept them out of the general and flag ranks, and dropped the two percent ceiling on officer and enlisted strengths for women in the armed forces.[14] In 1969 women were allowed to join the Air Force Reserve Officers Training Corps.[7] In 1971 Jeanne M. Holm became the first female airman promoted to brigadier general.[7]

Women in the Air Force since 1972

Captain Kim Campbell inspecting damage to her A-10 Thunderbolt II during the Iraq War in 2003

Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973), was a landmark Supreme Court case[15] which decided that benefits given by the military to the family of service members cannot be given out differently because of sex.[16] Air Force Lieutenant Sharron Frontiero and her husband Joseph, a veteran and full-time student, were the plaintiffs.[17]

In 1976 the WAF was ended and women were allowed into the Air Force as equal members.[5]

Also in 1976, the Air Force Academy first admitted women; in 1986, the Air Force Academy’s top graduate was a woman for the first time (Terrie Ann McLaughlin).[7][18][19]

Also in 1986, six Air Force women served as pilots, copilots, and boom operators on the KC-135 and KC-10 tankers that refueled FB-111s during the raid on Libya.[7]

Leyland v. Orr (1987) was about Air Force member Leyland, a transgender woman, who underwent a sex reassignment surgery before being discharged. The courts ruled this discharge as valid due to the reasoning that Leyland was indeed unfit physically rather than mentally.[20] This judgement was determined by inferring that genital surgery is similar to an amputation surgery, which leaves the individual unable to meet the demands of a soldier.[21]

Women in the Air Force served in Operation Desert Shield (1990-1991) and Operation Desert Storm (1991).[22][23]

Before the "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy was enacted in 1993, lesbians and bisexual women (and gay men and bisexual men) were banned from serving in the military.[24] In 1993 the "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy was enacted, which mandated that the military could not ask servicemembers about their sexual orientation.[25][26] However, until the policy was ended in 2011 service members were still expelled from the military if they engaged in sexual conduct with a member of the same sex, stated that they were lesbian, gay, or bisexual, and/or married or attempted to marry someone of the same sex.[27]

On April 28, 1993, combat exclusion was lifted from aviation positions by Les Aspin, permitting women to serve in almost any aviation capacity.[28]

Also in 1993, Sheila Widnall became the first female Secretary of the Air Force.[29] Although this is a civilian position,[30] it is included in this article because having that position made Widnall the first woman to head a branch of the United States military.[31][32]

In 1994, the Pentagon declared:

Service members are eligible to be assigned to all positions for which they are qualified, except that women shall be excluded from assignment to units below the brigade level whose primary mission is to engage in direct combat on the ground.[33]

That policy also excluded women being assigned to certain organizations based upon proximity to direct combat or "collocation" as the policy specifically referred to it.[34] According to the Army, collocation occurs when, "the position or unit routinely physically locates and remains with a military unit assigned a doctrinal mission to routinely engage in direct combat."[35]

Kelly Flinn, sometimes referred to as Kelly Flynn, was the first female B-52 pilot in the Air Force,[36] but was discharged from the Air Force in 1997 after an adulterous affair with the husband of an enlisted subordinate, for military offenses including disobeying a direct order from her commanding officer to break off the affair, and for lying to him about having done so.[37] Flinn's trouble with the Air Force received widespread media attention at the time and was discussed in a Senate hearing on May 22, 1997.[37]

Women in the Air Force served in the Iraq War from 2003 until 2011.[38][39]

The Air Force Academy sexual assault scandal in 2003 involved allegations of sexual assault at the Air Force Academy, as well as allegations that the alleged incidents had been ignored by the academy’s leadership.[40]

Air Force Reserve medical personnel at Joint Base McGuire–Dix–Lakehurst during the COVID-19 pandemic, April 2020

The United States Air Force Basic Training scandal involved 43 female trainees who alleged being victimized by their Military Training Instructors during and after basic military training starting from 2009.[41] Seventeen male instructors were accused of offenses ranging from seeking improper relationships to rape[42] and 35 instructors were removed from their posts pending investigations.[43] Nine of the accused instructors belonged to the 331st Training Squadron. The commander of the 331st Training Squadron, Lt. Col. Mike Paquette, was removed from command in June 2012 because of the problems in his unit.[44] In August 2012 the commander of the 737th training group, Col. Glenn Palmer, was also relieved from his position due to the scandal.[45]

In 2012 Janet Wolfenbarger became the Air Force's first female four-star general.[1] Before that, there had been women general officers of a lesser rank in the Air Force, including, among others, an African American female physician, Edith Peterson Mitchell, MD, a medical oncologist who became a brigadier general and president of an American medical society.[46]

In 2013 Defense Secretary Leon Panetta removed the military's ban on women serving in combat, overturning the 1994 rule. Panetta's decision gave the military services until January 2016 to seek special exceptions if they believed any positions must remain closed to women. The services had until May 2013 to draw up a plan for opening all units to women and until the end of 2015 to actually implement it.[47][48]

In December 2015, Defense Secretary Ash Carter stated that starting in 2016 all combat jobs would open to women.[49]

In March 2016, Ash Carter approved final plans from military service branches and the U.S. Special Operations Command to open all combat jobs to women, and authorized the military to begin integrating female combat soldiers "right away."[50]

In 2020, Emily Thompson became the first woman to fly the F-35A Lightning II in combat.[51]

Women in the Air Force served in the Afghanistan War that began in 2001 and ended in 2021, and the American-led combat intervention in Iraq that began in 2014 and ended in 2021.[38][52][53][54][55]

In 2022 a woman whose name was not publicly announced became the Air Force’s first female special tactics officer.[56]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Women in the United States Air Force.

References

  1. ^ a b Barrie Barber (June 6, 2012). "Wolfenbarger makes history as AF's first female four-star". www.springfieldnewssun.com. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  2. ^ a b c Women of the U.S. Air Force: Aiming High By Heather E. Schwartz, p.14
  3. ^ "Air Force secretary announces bold moves to boost women, minorities". Airforcetimes.com. 2015-03-04. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  4. ^ "2020 Demographics Profile of the Military Community" (PDF). Military One Source. Department of Defense (DoD), Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Military Community and Family Policy (ODASD (MC&FP)). 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d Rose Eveleth (July 8, 2013). "Today in 1948, the U.S. Air Force Accepted Its First Female Member". Smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  6. ^ a b c "Highlights in the History of Military Women". Womensmemorial.org; Women In Military Service For America Memorial Foundation's website. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Martha Lockwood (September 18, 2014). "Women's legacy parallels Air Force history > U.S. Air Force > Article Display". Af.mil. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  8. ^ "United States Air Force". www.arlingtoncemetery.mil. Retrieved 2021-06-09.
  9. ^ "Executive Orders". National Archives. August 15, 2016.
  10. ^ "Our History". Archived from the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  11. ^ Readler, Chad A.; Shumate, Brett A.; Griffiths, John R.; Coppolino, Anthony J. (October 4, 2017). "Defendants' Motion to Dismiss and Opposition to Plaintiffs' Application for a Preliminary Injunction, Civil Action No. 17-cv-1597 (CKK)" (PDF). National Center for Lesbian Rights. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 11, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  12. ^ Macias, Andrea (January 25, 2021). "Biden reverses Trump's ban on transgender people enlisting in the military". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  13. ^ Biden, Joe (January 25, 2021). "Executive Order on Enabling All Qualified Americans to Serve Their Country in Uniform". White House. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  14. ^ "Did you know...?". Womensmemorial.org; Women In Military Service For America Memorial Foundation's website. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  15. ^ Technically, the case was decided under the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause, not under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, since the latter applies not to the federal government but to the states. However, because Bolling v. Sharpe, through the doctrine of reverse incorporation, made the standards of the Equal Protection Clause applicable to the federal government, it was for practical purposes an addition not to due process, but rather to equal protection jurisprudence.
  16. ^ "Frontiero v. Richardson | The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law". Oyez.org. Retrieved 2015-08-09.
  17. ^ "Frontiero v. Richardson | Southern Poverty Law Center". Splcenter.org. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  18. ^ "Factsheets : Air Force Academy History". Usafa.af.mil. January 18, 2012. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  19. ^ Barbara Mahany (1986-05-29). "Air Academy's Best: Just Call Her Sir". Articles.chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
  20. ^ Leyland v. Orr, 828 F.2d 584 (9th Cir. 1987).
  21. ^ Witten, Tarynn M. (February 2007). Gender Identity and the Military—Transgender, Transsexual, and Intersex-identified Individuals in the U.S. Armed Forces (PDF) (Report). Palm Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  22. ^ Gerry J. Gilmore (2002-07-09). "News Article: Air Force Women Surveyed Report Health Challenges During Gulf Service". Defense.gov. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  23. ^ "News Article: The Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm Timeline". Defense.gov; National Guard Bureau. August 8, 2000. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
  24. ^ Elizabeth Hoffman (January 15, 2014). "Military Service Should Be Based On Conduct, Not Sexual Orientation". prezi.com. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
  25. ^ Craig A. Rimmerman Gay rights, military wrongs: political perspectives on lesbians and gays in the military, Garland Pub., 1996 ISBN 0815325800 p. 249
  26. ^ Thompson, Mark. (2008-01-28) 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell' Turns 15. TIME. Retrieved on 2010-11-30.
  27. ^ Richard A. Gittins The Military Commander & the Law, DIANE Publishing, 1996 ISBN 0788172603 p. 215
  28. ^ Lohrenz, Carey D. (2013-01-30). "Time for Some Fearless Leadership". Time. Retrieved 2015-08-09.
  29. ^ "Women's History Month: Honoring Airmen past and present". Mountain Home Air Force Base. March 18, 2019.
  30. ^ 10 U.S.C. § 9013(a)
  31. ^ "Widnall, Sheila E." National Women’s Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2019-03-23.
  32. ^ "Women in the U.S. Military". Milwomen.info; Military Women Across the Nation, formerly WAVES National. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  33. ^ Paula Broadwell (October 20, 2009). "Women at War". New York Times.
  34. ^ "The 2012 Statistical Abstract; National Security & Veterans Affairs: Military Personnel and Expenditures; 511 - Military Personnel on Active Duty by Rank or Grade". United States Census Bureau;Department of Defense. Retrieved 2012-05-10.
  35. ^ Army Regulation (27 March 1992). "Army Regulation 600-13, Army Policy For The Assignment of Female Soldiers". Department of the Army.
  36. ^ Dejevsky, Mary (19 May 1997). "Female B-52 pilot quits over charges of adultery". The Independent on Sunday. London.
  37. ^ a b "End to messy case Kelly Flinn: General discharge for Air Force lieutenant is wise resolution". The Baltimore Sun. May 24, 1997.
  38. ^ a b Patrick Winn (December 29, 2007). "Female airmen deadly in Iraq, Afghanistan". Archive.airforcetimes.com. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  39. ^ Joseph Logan (December 18, 2011). "Last U.S. troops leave Iraq, ending war". Reuters. Retrieved 2014-10-29.
  40. ^ Meredith Clark (August 4, 2014). "Report finds sexual assault, drug use at Air Force Academy". Msnbc.com. Retrieved 2014-10-29.
  41. ^ Woodward, Margaret (Aug 22, 2012). "Developing America's Airmen: A Review of Air Force Enlisted Training" (PDF). www.AF.Mil. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  42. ^ Davis, Kristin (Aug 27, 2012). "MTIs accused of wrong relationships now at 17". Air Force Times. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  43. ^ Jervis, Rick (July 19, 2012). "Sex-assault scandal casts a pall over Lackland AFB". USA Today. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
  44. ^ Carroll, Chris (June 29, 2012). "Air Force has identified 31 alleged victims in Lackland sex abuse scandal". Stars & Stripes. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
  45. ^ Weber, Paul J.; Lolita C. Baldor (Aug 10, 2012). "Air Force relieves commander over sex scandal". AP. AP. Archived from the original on August 11, 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  46. ^ "Edith Peterson Mitchell, MD - National Medical Association". www.nmanet.org.
  47. ^ Lolita C. Baldor (23 January 2013). "Women In Combat: Leon Panetta Removes Military Ban, Opening Front-Line Positions". Huffington Post.
  48. ^ David Martin (June 14, 2013). "Panetta to lift ban on women in combat". CBS News.
  49. ^ Jim Miklaszewski (3 December 2015). "All Combat Roles Now Open to Women". NBC News.
  50. ^ "Ashton Carter approves final strategy for women in military combat roles". The Washington Times.
  51. ^ Correll, Diana Stancy (2020-06-11). "This Air Force pilot is the first woman to fly the F-35 in combat". Air Force Times. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  52. ^ "Becoming a boom". Air Force Reserve Command. March 2016.
  53. ^ "US-led combat mission in Iraq ends, shifting to advisory role". aljazeera.com.
  54. ^ "U.S.-led troops end Iraq combat mission, as planned - military officials". reuters.com. 9 December 2021.
  55. ^ Gaouette, Nicole; Hansler, Jennifer; Starr, Barbara; Liebermann, Oren (31 August 2021). "The last US military planes have left Afghanistan, marking the end of the United States' longest war". CNN. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  56. ^ Cohen, Rachel (June 24, 2022). "Air Force's first female special tactics officer earns coveted scarlet beret". Air Force Times.

Read other articles:

Kazuki Kitamura

Kazuki KitamuraKitamura Kazuki dari Folklore Tatami pada Upacara Pembukaan Festival Film Internasional Tokyo 2019LahirYasushi Kitamura (北村 康code: ja is deprecated )17 Juli 1969 (umur 54)Osaka, Osaka, JepangTinggi177 m (580 ft 8+1⁄2 in)Berat65 kg (143 pon) (143 pon)Situs webhttp://www.from1-pro.jp/KitamuraKazuki/ Kazuki Kitamura (北村 一輝code: ja is deprecated , Kitamura Kazuki) lahir 17 Juli 1969 adalah aktor film dan televisi asal Jepang. Ia me...

 

Covenant (law)

Solemn promise to engage in or refrain from a specified action For restrictive covenants in contract law, see Non-compete clause. Property law Part of the common law series Types Personal property Community property Real property Unowned property Acquisition Gift Adverse possession Deed Conquest Discovery Accession Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property Treasure trove Bailment License Alienation Estates in land Allodial title Fee simple Fee tail Life estate Defeasible estate Future interest re...

 

Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland

Public execution of Polish priests and civilians in Bydgoszcz's Old Market Square on 9 September 1939 During the German Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), the Nazis brutally suppressed the Catholic Church in Poland, most severely in German-occupied areas of Poland. Thousands of churches and monasteries were systematically closed, seized or destroyed. As a result, many works of religious art and objects were permanently lost. Church leaders were especially targeted as part of an overall effo...

Ana Šomlo

Serbian-Israeli writer and journalist Ana ŠomloŠomlo in 2003BornAna ŠomloАна Шомло1935 (age 88–89)Negotin, SerbiaAlma materUniversity of BelgradeOccupation(s)Writer, journalist, translatorYears active1957–presentSpouseIvan Ninić Ana Šomlo (Serbian: Ана Шомло; born 1935 in Negotin) is a Serbian-Israeli writer and journalist who writes short prose and novels. She is also a prominent translator from Hebrew into Serbo-Croatian.[1] Early life an...

 

SMK NU Ungaran

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Maret 2016. SMK NU UngaranInformasiDidirikan2003AkreditasiAKepala SekolahH. Ahmad Hanik, S.Ag, M.PdJumlah kelasLebih dari 30Jurusan atau peminatanTeknik Komputer Jaringan dan Telekomunikasi - Broadcast dan Perfilman - Desain Komunikasi Visual - Teknik Otom...

 

History of Hamburg

Part of a series on the History of Hamburg by timeline Prehistory and AntiquityHamburg culture (15 ka)Treva (1st CE)Tangendorf disc brooch (3rd CE) Middle AgesHammaburg (810)Archbishops (832–1072)Cathedral (1035)Bornhöved (1227)Hanseatic League (1321–1669)Victual Brothers (1389–1401)Constitution (1410) Early ModernFree Imperial city (1510–1806)All Saints' Flood (1570)Barbary pirates (1578–1751)Greenland whaling (1644–1806) Continental BlockadeBouches-de-l'Elbe (1811–14)Siege of...

Gignéville

Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Gignéville.  = Kawasan perkotaan  = Lahan subur  = Padang rumput  = Lahan pertanaman campuran  = Hutan  = Vegetasi perdu  = Lahan basah  = Anak sungaiGignéville merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Vosges yang terletak pada sebelah timur laut Prancis. Lihat pula Komune di departemen Vosges Referensi INSEE Diarsipkan 2007-11-24 di Wayback Machine. lbsKomune di departemen Vosges Les Ableuvenettes Ahévil...

 

Masatane Kanda

Masatane KandaJenderal Masatane KandaLahir15 Januari 1890Prefektur Aichi JepangMeninggal24 April 1983(1983-04-24) (umur 93)PengabdianKekaisaran JepangDinas/cabang Tentara Kekaisaran JepangLama dinas1911 - 1945PangkatLetnan JenderalKomandan6th DivisionTentara ke-17Perang/pertempuranPerang Dunia II*Kampanye BougainvillePenghargaanOrder of the Sacred Treasures (kelas 1) Ini adalah nama Jepang, nama keluarganya adalah Kanda. (Maret 1 –  Desember 4), adalah seorang letnan...

 

Book tour

Type of promotional campaign Author Jared Yates Sexton giving a talk at Politics and Prose as part of his book tour A book tour is a promotion for a newly published book in which the author tours a region to do bookselling, present to the media, and meet the people who would read the book. Three objectives of any presentation on a book tour are to entertain the audience, serve the interest of whichever institution is hosting the presentation, and to sell books in person at the presentation.&#...

Valle del Lamone

Questa voce sull'argomento valli d'Italia è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Valle del LamoneIl Lamone nei pressi di MarradiStati Italia Regioni Emilia-Romagna Toscana Province Ravenna Firenze Località principaliMarradiBrisighella Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale La valle del Lamone è un'area geografica definita dal fiume Lamone, che si estende sul territorio delle province di Ravenna in Emilia-Romagna ...

 

أتراك

هذه المقالة عن المجموعة العرقية الأتراك وليس عن من يحملون جنسية الجمهورية التركية أتراكTürkler (بالتركية) التعداد الكليالتعداد 70~83 مليون نسمةمناطق الوجود المميزةالبلد  القائمة ... تركياألمانياسورياالعراقبلغارياالولايات المتحدةفرنساالمملكة المتحدةهولنداالنمساأسترالي�...

 

周處除三害 (電影)

周處除三害The Pig, The Snake and The Pigeon正式版海報基本资料导演黃精甫监制李烈黃江豐動作指導洪昰顥编剧黃精甫主演阮經天袁富華陳以文王淨李李仁謝瓊煖配乐盧律銘林孝親林思妤保卜摄影王金城剪辑黃精甫林雍益制片商一種態度電影股份有限公司片长134分鐘产地 臺灣语言國語粵語台語上映及发行上映日期 2023年10月6日 (2023-10-06)（台灣） 2023年11月2日 (2023-11-02)（香�...

Liaquat Ali Khan

Liaquat Ali Khan Nama dalam bahasa asli(ur) لیا قت علی خان BiografiKelahiran1r Oktober 1895 Karnal Kematian16 Oktober 1951 (56 tahun)Rawalpindi Tempat pemakamanMazar-e-Quaid Galat: Kedua parameter tahun harus terisi! Daftar Perdana Menteri Pakistan 12 September 2019 – 16 Oktober 2023 – Imran Khan Niazi → Minister for States and Frontier Regions 15 Agustus 1947 – 16 Oktober 1951 Daftar Menteri Luar Negeri Pakistan 14 Agustus 1947 – 27 Desember 1949 ...

 

قائمة البعثات الدبلوماسية في كرواتيا

هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها. خريطة البلدان التي لديها بعثة دبلوماسية في تركيا. سرد هذه الصفحة البعثات الدبلوماسية المقيمة في كرواتيا .في الوقت الحاضر، تستضيف العاصمة زغرب 56 سفارة. العديد من البلدان لديه�...

 

John F. Feehan Stakes

Horse race John F. Feehan StakesGroup 2 raceRising Fast, 1954 winnerLocationMoonee Valley Racecourse, MelbourneInaugurated1948Race typeThoroughbredSponsorClamms Seafood (2022)Race informationDistance1,600 metresSurfaceTurfTrackLeft-handedWeightWeight for AgePurse$500,000 (2022)BonusesExempt from ballot in the W. S. Cox Plate and Caulfield Cup The John F. Feehan Stakes is a Moonee Valley Racing Club Group 2 Australian Thoroughbred horse race held under Weight for Age conditions, for horses ag...

Church of Spiritual Technology

Scientology organization This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Church of Spiritual Technology – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this messa...

 

Venezuela durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial

Este artículo o sección necesita referencias que aparezcan en una publicación acreditada. Busca fuentes: «Venezuela durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial» – noticias · libros · académico · imágenesPuedes avisar al redactor principal pegando lo siguiente en su página de discusión: {{sust:Aviso referencias|Venezuela durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial}} ~~~~Este aviso fue puesto el 17 de junio de 2024. Venezuela en la Segunda Guerra Mundial Teatro de operaciones de A...

 

Eduardo Lizalde

Mexican poet, academic, and administrator (1929–2022) Eduardo Lizalde Eduardo Lizalde Chávez (14 July 1929 – 25 May 2022)[1] was a Mexican poet, academic and administrator.[2] Lizalde was known as El Tigre for recurring themes in his work which stem from his childhood fondness for the stories of Salgari and Kipling. As he explains: The tiger has been a fascinating figure from Biblical times until now, and I don't believe there has ever been a writer who has never made a r...

The Amazing Race 20

The Amazing Race 20 Pertama tayang 19 Februari 2012 (2012-02-19)[1] – 06 Mei 2012 (2012-05-06)[2] Tanggal pengambilan film 26 November 2011 (2011-11-26) – 19 Desember 2011 (2011-12-19) Jumlah episode 11 Pemenang Rachel Brown & Dave Brown, Jr. Benua yang dikunjungi 5[3] Negara yang dikunjungi 10 Kota yang dikunjungi 22[3] Jarak perjalanan 40.000 mil (64.372 kilometer) Jumlah leg perlombaan 12 Kronologi Musim Sebelumnya The Am...

 

Irving Townsend

Irving TownsendBornIrving Joseph Townsend(1920-11-27)November 27, 1920Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedDecember 17, 1981(1981-12-17) (aged 61)Santa Ynez, California, U.S.OccupationProducer and authorEducationPrinceton University[1][2] Irving Townsend (November 27, 1920 – December 17, 1981)[3] was an American record producer and author. He is most famous for having produced the Miles Davis album Kind of Blue, which is the best-selling jazz album of all ti...