Wisteria frutescens

American wisteria

Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Wisteria
Species:
W. frutescens
Binomial name
Wisteria frutescens
Synonyms[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][excessive citations]
  • Apios frutescens (L.) Pursh.
  • Bradlea frutescens (L.) Britton
  • Bradlea macrostachys
    (Torr. & A. Gray) Small
  • Glycine frutescens L.
  • Kraunhia frutescens (L.) Raf. ex Greene
  • Kraunhia macrostachya
    (Torr. & A. Gray) Small
  • Kraunhia macrostachys
    (Torr. & A. Gray) Small
  • Phaseolodes frutescens (L.) Kuntze
  • Phaseolus frutescens (L.) Eaton & Wright
  • Thyrsanthus frutescens (L.) Elliott
  • Wisteria frutescens var. albo-lilacina Dippel
  • Wisteria frutescens var. magnifica Herincq
  • Wisteria frutescens var. macrostachya
    Torr. & A. Gray
  • Wisteria macrostachya f. albo-lilacina Rehder

Wisteria frutescens, commonly known as American wisteria, is a woody, deciduous, perennial climbing vine, one of various wisterias of the family Fabaceae. It is native to the wet forests and stream banks of the southeastern United States, with a range stretching from the states of Virginia to Texas (Northeast Texas Piney Woods) and extending southeast through Florida, also north to Iowa, Michigan, and New York.

Taxonomy

Carl Linnaeus described Wisteria frutescens.

Kentucky wisteria, Wisteria frutescens var. macrostachya is a distinctive variety found in the southeastern United States,[17] including its namesake state of Kentucky. It has been classified as a separate species, Wisteria macrostachya (Torr. & A. Gray) Nutt. ex B. L. Rob. & Fernald.[18]

Description

American wisteria can grow up to 15 m long over many supports via powerful counterclockwise-twining stems. It produces dense clusters of blue-purple, two-lipped, flowers 2 cm (3⁄4 in) wide on racemes 5–15 cm (2–6 in) long in late spring to early summer. These are the smallest racemes produced by any Wisteria. Though it has never been favored in many gardens for this characteristic, many bonsai artists employ American wisteria for its manageably-sized flowers, and it is charming as a woodland flowering vine.

The foliage consists of shiny, dark-green, pinnately compound leaves 10–30 cm (4–12 in) in length. The leaves bear 9–15 oblong leaflets that are each 2–6 cm (3⁄4–2+1⁄4 in) long. It also bears numerous poisonous, bean-like seed pods 5–10 cm (2–3+7⁄8 in) long that mature in summer and persist until winter; the pods are fuzzy and greenish-tan when young, but shiny brown and smooth when dry. The seeds are large and brown (see image). American wisteria prefers moist soils. It is considered shade tolerant, but will flower only when exposed to partial or full sun. It grows best in USDA plant hardiness zones 5–9. In the wild, they can be found in woods, thickets, and streambanks.[19]

Kentucky wisteria bears slightly scented bluish-purple to white flowers in racemes 15–30 cm (6–12 in) long, a generally average length for the Wisteria family.[20][failed verification]

Several characteristics distinguish American wisteria from its Asian counterparts. It grows only two-thirds as tall, its racemes are half as long (the shortest of the wisteria family), and its bloom time is sometimes shorter than many Asian varieties. Its flowers are scented, and its seed pods are smooth rather than velvety when mature.

Ecology

The butterflies long-tailed skipper, silver-spotted skipper,[21] marine blue,[22] zarucco duskywing[23] and the moth Cuphodes wisteriae[24] use Wisteria frutescens as a larval host.

Pests and diseases

Wisteria frutescens, in general, is subject to few pests or diseases. It is, however, subject to damage by typical pests like aphids, leaf miners, Japanese beetles, scale insects, and mealybugs. Pests of particular concern are longhorn beetles, such as Synaphaeta guexi, and the Asian long-horned beetle. These beetles will bore into the woody stems of young or unhealthy wisteria, causing disruption of water and nutrient flow. This also allows for the potential to introduce disease, like rot, and both of these have the potential to cause death of the plant.[25][26]

A fungus, Aplosporella wistariae Ellis & Barthol.,[27] has been found on some cultivars of wisteria in Louisville, Kansas. Its stromata are elliptical or orbicular, are 1–2 mm in diameter, and are sunk into the bark, which causes raised pustules, some of which are ruptured. Its perithecia are 120–150 μm and are white inside; sporules are oblong, measuring 12–16 by 6–7 μm.[28]

Partly dead leaves of Wisteria frutescens have been found to host Phomatospora wistariae Ellis & Everh. This fungus is perithecial, meaning its fruiting body is flask-shaped with an ostiole through which its ascospores are released. It is mostly epiphytic, and it grows in relatively flat gray spots that are approximately 2–4 mm. in diameter. These spots are bounded by narrow dark lines, and frequently merge. Phomatospora wistariae is hyaline in appearance and resembles a membrane, it is sessile, it does not have paraphyses, its asci are oblong, and its sporidia are biseriate and have an oblong-elliptical shape. Its perithecia mesaure to about 110–120 μm, its asci 35–45 by 10–12 μm, and its sporidia 12 by 6 μm.[29]

Rhizobium radiobacter, previously known as Agrobacterium tumefaciens and commonly as crown gall, is a soil-borne bacterium that occasionally infects wisteria, causing abnormal growths or swellings on the roots or stems. It infects the plant through its Ti plasmid, and then A. tumefaciens integrates a part of its DNA into the chromosome of the host plant's cells.[30] The K-48 strain of the bacterium can be effectively used to prevent infection by the pathogenic strain of crown gall.[31]

Root-knot nematodes are parasites known to affect most species of plants, wisteria not being an exception, but wisteria is susceptible to Texas root rot caused by the fungus Phymatotrichum omnivorum. Texas root rot damages the roots and prevents their absorption of water, resulting in wilting then death.[30]

Pantoea agglomerans has been shown to induce galls on Wisteria.[32]

Wisteria brachybotrys, Wisteria floribunda, Wisteria sinensis and Wisteria venusta, have been shown to carry Erysiphe cichoracearum, Botryosphaeria, and Phomopsis canker and die-back pathogens, Phyllosticta wisteriae, and Septoria wisteriae. Wisteria vein mosaic virus (a variant of the tobacco mosaic virus) and subterranean clover stunt virus are the only two known viruses to infect genus Wisteria, and the potential for Wisteria frutescens to contract any of the previously mentioned diseases is undetermined.[30][33][34][35][36][37]

Toxicity

All species of Wisteria contain a saponin known as Wisterin in the bark, branches, pods, roots, and seeds. There is debate over whether the flowers are toxic. An unknown and toxic resin is present as well. Poisoning from the plant can occur from ingestion of 1 to 2 seed pods and results in mild to severe gastroenteritis, nausea, frequent vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. This can result in dehydration and collapse in serious cases; recovery generally occurs within 24 hours. The concentration of toxins varies in all segments of the plant and varies during different seasons. Wisterin's structure has been shown to be similar in structure and in effects to the alkaloid cytisine, but less potent. It has a bittersweet taste. As with the cytisine-containing Laburnum, its leaves are sometimes taken as a tobacco substitute.[38][39]

Wisteria frutescens seeds in pod halves

Canavanine is a common α-amino-acid constituent found in the seeds of all species of Wisteria. It serves as a defense compound against herbivores and provides a vital source of nitrogen for the growing plant embryo. The toxicity of canavanine is due to its extreme structural similarity to L-arginine, which may result in an organism's incorporation of it into proteins in place of L-arginine. This results in the production of aberrant proteins that may not function properly in the body.[40]

Leaves
Mature bark

References

  1. ^ NatureServe (1 September 2023). "Wisteria frutescens". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  2. ^ Frederick Traugott Pursh (1814). Flora Americae Septentrionalis Vol. II (Apios frutescens). Vol. 2. White, Cochrance, and co. p. 474. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
  3. ^ Nathaniel Lord Britton (1901). Manual of the Flora of the northern States and Canada (Bradlea frutescens & macrostachys. Holt. Archived from the original on 2017-12-02. Retrieved 2018-01-13. |page 549
  4. ^ Carl Von Linné; Lars Salvius (1753). Species Plantarum 2 (Glycine frutescens). Vol. 2. Holmiae :Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 753. Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
  5. ^ Constantine Samuel Rafinesque & Edward Lee Greene (1891). Pittonia Vol. II (Kraunhia frutescens). Vol. 2. Doxey & Co. [etc.] p. 175. Archived from the original on 2016-09-22. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  6. ^ Duane Isely. Vascular Flora of the Southeastern United States. Vol. 3, Part 2 (Kraunhia macrostachya). The University of North Carolina Press.
  7. ^ Torrey Botanical Club (1898). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club Vol. XXV (Kraunhia macrostachys). Vol. 25. Torrey Botanical Club. p. 134. Archived from the original on 2018-10-13. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
  8. ^ Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze (5 November 1891). Revisio Generum Plantarum Pars. 1 (Phaseolodes frutescens). Vol. v.1. A. Felix. p. 201. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  9. ^ Amos Eaton & John Wright (1840). North American Botany (A Manual of Botany Edition 8) (Phaseolus frutescens). E. Gates. p. 354. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
  10. ^ Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Vol. 1 Part 2 (Thyrsanthus frutescens). Vol. 1. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1818. p. 371. Archived from the original on 2017-10-01. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
  11. ^ John Torrey; Asa Gray; Putnam Wiley (1838). A flora of North America (Wisteria frutescens var. macrostachya). Vol. 1. Putnam Wiley. p. 283. Archived from the original on 2017-08-24. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
  12. ^ Ludwig Beifsner; Ernst Schelle; Hermann Zabel (1903). Handbuch der LAubholz-Benenung III. P. Parey. p. 270. Archived from the original on 2023-05-02. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
  13. ^ "IPNI Albolilacina". Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  14. ^ Revue Horticole. Audot. 1862. p. 50.
  15. ^ "International Legume Database & Information Service". Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  16. ^ Rehder, Alfred (1967) [1919]. "New Species, Varieties and Combinations from the Herbarium and the Collections of the Arnold Arboretum". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 7. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University: 149. Archived from the original on 2017-07-28. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
  17. ^ Jarantoski, K.S. (January 1988). "Wisteria frutescens and W. macrostachya". The Public Garden: Journal of the American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta. 3 (1): 33.
  18. ^ "Wisteria macrostachya". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2019-07-08.
  19. ^ M. Brandenburg, David (2010). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Wildflowers of North America. Andrew Stewart Publishing, Inc. p. 241. ISBN 978-1-4027-4154-8.
  20. ^ Thompson, Ralph L. (September 1980). "Woody Vegetation and Floristic Affinities of Mingo Wilderness Area, a Northern Terminus of Southern Floodplain Forest, Missouri". Castanea. 45 (3): 194–212. JSTOR 4033235.
  21. ^ "Weeds and Invasive Plants – Wisteria". University of Florida. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
  22. ^ "Wisteria Frutescens (American Wisteria) Lady Bird Johnson". Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
  23. ^ "Wisteria Frutescens NC State University". NC State University. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
  24. ^ Atsushi Kawakita; Tomoko Okamoto; Ryutaro Goto; Makoto Kato (Sep 22, 2010). "Mutualism favours higher host specificity than does antagonism in plant–herbivore interactio". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1695). Royal Society Publishing: 2765–2774. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0355. PMC 2981980. PMID 20427340. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
  25. ^ "Wisteria Borer Control". Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  26. ^ "Fine Gardening American Wisteria". Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  27. ^ "Index Fungorum Haplosporella wistariae Ellis & Barthol". Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  28. ^ J. B. Ellis; E. Bartholomew (December 1902). "New Species of Fungi from Various Localities". Journal of Mycology. 8: 175 – via Internet Archive.
  29. ^ J. B. Ellis; B. M. Everhart (June 1902). "New Alabama Fungi". Journal of Mycology. 8: 68 – via Internet Archive.
  30. ^ a b c "Plant Disease Handbook Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Wisteria". Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  31. ^ "UC IPM How to Manage Pests UC Pest Management Guidelines". Archived from the original on May 20, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  32. ^ De Maayer, P.; Chan, W. Y.; Blom, J.; Venter, S. N.; Duffy, B.; Smits, T. H.; Coutinho, T. A. (2012). "The large universal Pantoea plasmid LPP-1 plays a major role in biological and ecological diversification". BMC Genomics. 13: 625. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-625. PMC 3505739. PMID 23151240.
  33. ^ "Phyllosticta leaf spot of Chinese wisteria" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  34. ^ Brunt, A.A.; Crabtree, K.; Dallwitz, M.J.; Gibbs, A.J.; Watson, L.; Zurcher, E.J., eds. (20 August 1996). "Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database". Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  35. ^ "Septoria wisteriae bioinfo". Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  36. ^ G. R. G. Clover; Z. Tang; T. E. Smales; M. N. Pearson (Jan 20, 2003). "Taxonomy of Wisteria vein mosaic virus and extensions to its host range and geographical distribution". Plant Pathology. 52: 92–96. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00798.x.
  37. ^ "UC IPM wisteria". Archived from the original on June 9, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  38. ^ Kent D. Perkins; Willward W. Payne (1970). Guide to the Poisonous and Irritant Plants of Florida. Valerie D'lppolito (illustrator). Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Archived from the original on 2015-05-29. Retrieved 2015-05-28.
  39. ^ Jacqueline Kupper; Daniel Demuth (2010). Giftige Pflanzen für Klein- und Heimtiere: Pflanze erkennen – Gift benennen – Richtig therapieren. Georg Thieme Verlag. p. 86. ISBN 9783830410348. Archived from the original on 2023-05-02. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
  40. ^ Dietary Supplements: A Framework for Evaluating Safety. National Academies Press (US). 2005. Archived from the original on 2023-05-02. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wisteria frutescens.

Read other articles:

Betula pendula

Come leggere il tassoboxBetulla bianca Betula pendula Stato di conservazione Rischio minimo[1] Classificazione APG IV Dominio Eukaryota Regno Plantae (clade) Angiosperme (clade) Mesangiosperme (clade) Eudicotiledoni (clade) Eudicotiledoni centrali (clade) Superrosidi (clade) Rosidi (clade) Eurosidi (clade) Eurosidi I Ordine Fagales Famiglia Betulaceae Genere Betula Specie B. pendula Classificazione Cronquist Dominio Eukaryota Regno Plantae Divisione Magnoliophyta Classe Magnoliopsida...

 

McLaughlin Natural Reserve

University of California Natural Reserve System reserve McLaughlin Natural ReserveUS state of CaliforniaShow map of CaliforniaMcLaughlin Natural Reserve (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocation26775 Morgan Valley RdNearest cityLower Lake, CaliforniaCoordinates38°52′26″N 122°25′54″W / 38.87389°N 122.43167°W / 38.87389; -122.43167[1]Area7,050 acres (28.5 km2)Established1993Governing bodyUniversity of California, Davis Th...

 

العلاقات التشيكية الغيانية

العلاقات التشيكية الغيانية التشيك غيانا   التشيك   غيانا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات التشيكية الغيانية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين التشيك وغيانا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة التشيك ...

Geoffroy's cat

Small wild cat Geoffroy's cat Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1] CITES Appendix I (CITES)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Suborder: Feliformia Family: Felidae Subfamily: Felinae Genus: Leopardus Species: L. geoffroyi Binomial name Leopardus geoffroyi(d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1844)[2] Distribution of Geoffroy's cat, 2015[1] Synonyms Oncifelis geoffroyi...

 

Buddy (1997 film)

1997 film by Caroline Thompson BuddyTheatrical release posterDirected byCaroline ThompsonScreenplay byCaroline ThompsonStory byWilliam Joyce Caroline ThompsonBased onAnimals Are My Hobbyby Gertrude Davies LintzProduced byFred Fuchs Steve NicolaidesStarring Rene Russo Robbie Coltrane Alan Cumming CinematographySteve MasonEdited byJonathan ShawMusic byElmer BernsteinProductioncompanies Columbia Pictures Jim Henson Pictures American Zoetrope Distributed bySony Pictures ReleasingRelease dates Jun...

 

Strathclyde Business School

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may rely excessively on sources too...

Digimon Adventure: Anode/Cathode Tamer

Digimon Adventure: Anode/Cathode TamervideogiocoLa schermata del titoloPiattaformaWonderSwan, WonderSwan Color Data di pubblicazioneAnode Tamer: 15 dicembre 1999 Cathode Tamer: 20 gennaio 2000 Versione Veedramon: 18 settembre 2001 GenereVideogioco di ruolo TemaDigimon OrigineGiappone SviluppoBandai PubblicazioneBandai Modalità di giocoGiocatore singolo SupportoCartuccia Seguito daDigimon Adventure 02: Tag Tamers Digimon Adventure: Anode/Cathode Tamer è un videogioco pubblicato e svilupp...

 

Heat exhaustion

Heat-related illness caused by the loss of water and electrolytes through sweating Heat exhaustion is one condition on the spectrum of raised body temperature derived from a heat illness. Other heat illnesses include heat cramps and heat stroke. Heat exhaustion is caused by the raising of a person's body temperature from either environmental conditions or by exertion. A raised internal body temperature can induce high amounts of perspiration out of the body. Which can lead to the loss of wate...

 

Жінки під час російського вторгнення в Україну 2022 року

Докладніше: Жінки в російсько-українській війні (з 2014) та Жінки у війні на сході України Українська поліцейська з двома жінками в Києві 16 березня 2022Частина серіїЖінки і війна Збройні сили Жінки в збройних силах Сексуальне насильство в армії Правоохорона Авіація Пі...

List of television channels in Algeria

This is a list of TV services available on digital terrestrial, satellite, internet streaming and cable systems in Algeria.[1][2] National channels List available from 5 March 2017: EPG No. Logo Channel Notes Owner/parent company Broadcast hours Format Multiplex 1 Télévision Algérienne State owned. commercial station EPTV GROUP 24 hours 16:9 SDTV - 2 Canal Algérie State owned. commercial station EPTV GROUP 24 hours 16:9 SDTV - 3 Algérie 3 State owned. commercial station ...

 

يوسف بن يعقوب الصفار

يوسف بن يعقوب الصفار معلومات شخصية تاريخ الوفاة 231 هـ الإقامة الكوفة  مواطنة الدولة العباسية  الحياة العملية المهنة مُحَدِّث  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   يُوسُف بن يَعْقُوب الصفار أَبُو يَعْقُوب الْكُوفِي. أحد رواة الحديث، مَاتَ سنة إِحْدَى وَثَلَاثِينَ وَمِائَتَيْن�...

 

Barry Briggs

New Zealand speedway rider Barry BriggsMBEBorn (1934-12-30) 30 December 1934 (age 89)Christchurch, New ZealandNationalityNew ZealanderCareer history1952–1959, 1974-1975Wimbledon Dons1960New Cross Rangers1961–1963Southampton Saints1964–1972Swindon Robins1976Hull Vikings Individual honours1957, 1958, 1964, 1966World Champion1959, 1963New Zealand Champion1961, 1964, 1965, 1966,1967, 1969British Champion1965, 1966, 1967, 1968,1969, 1970British League Riders Champion1955London Riders' C...

Troop

Military formation size For other uses, see Troop (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Troop – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) vteArmy units and organizationSubordinatedelement Fireteam / Crew  Ø  S...

 

Thayngen

Municipality in Schaffhausen, SwitzerlandThayngenMunicipality Coat of armsLocation of Thayngen ThayngenShow map of SwitzerlandThayngenShow map of Canton of SchaffhausenCoordinates: 47°44′N 8°42′E / 47.733°N 8.700°E / 47.733; 8.700CountrySwitzerlandCantonSchaffhausenDistrictn.a.Area[1] • Total19.92 km2 (7.69 sq mi)Elevation437 m (1,434 ft)Population (31 December 2018)[2] • Total5,453 •&...

 

الانتخابات الإسبانية العامة 1910

الانتخابات الإسبانية العامة 1910  →1907 8–22 مايو 1910 1914←  جميع مقاعد مجلس النواب ال404 و180 من 360 من مقاعد مجلس الشيوخلتكوين أغلبية برلمانية في مجلس النواب احتاج ل 203 مقعد. إجمالي الناخبين 4,721,480(3,383,070 في الدوائر الانتخابية التي جرت فيها الانتخابات) نسبة المشاركة 2,494,082 (73.7%)   ...

Ciudad Jardín (Madrid)

Ward of Madrid in Madrid, Spain City neighborhood in Madrid, Community of Madrid, SpainCiudad JardínCity neighborhoodCountrySpainRegionCommunity of MadridMunicipalityMadridDistrictChamartínArea • Total0.762371 km2 (0.294353 sq mi)Population (2020) • Total18,973 • Density25,000/km2 (64,000/sq mi) Ciudad Jardín (Garden City) is an administrative neighborhood (barrio) of Madrid belonging to the district of Chamartín. It is located ...

 

كأس بلغاريا 1969–70

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (نوفمبر 2019) كأس بلغاريا 1969–70 تفاصيل الموسم كأس بلغاريا  النسخة 30  البلد بلغاريا  المنظم اتحاد بلغاريا لكرة ا�...

 

سوبيريور (آيوا)

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع سوبيريور (توضيح). سوبيريور   الإحداثيات 43°25′56″N 94°56′44″W / 43.432222222222°N 94.945555555556°W / 43.432222222222; -94.945555555556   [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[2]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة ديكينسون  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 1.050224 كيلومتر م...

HNLMS Potvis (S804)

Potvis History Netherlands NamePotvis NamesakeSperm whale BuilderWilton-Fijenoord, Schiedam Laid down17 September 1962 Launched12 January 1965 Commissioned2 November 1965 Decommissioned18 June 1992 IdentificationS 804 MottoFearsome in battle FateBroken up and scrapped in 1994 General characteristics [1] Class and typeDolfijn-class submarine Displacement 1140 tons standard 1509 tons surfaced 1831 tons submerged Length78.3 m (256 ft 11 in) Beam7.8 m (...

 

Mollusc shell

Exoskeleton of an animal in the phylum Mollusca Diversity and variability of shells of molluscs on display. Part of a series related toBiomineralization General Mineralized tissues Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton cuticle Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone gladius Lorica Choanoflagellate lorica Protist shell coccosphere coccolith diatom frustule foraminifera test testate amoebae Seashell echinoderm ste...