William Swann

For other people named William Swann, see William Swann (disambiguation).
William B. Swann
Born
New Jersey
Alma materGettysburg College
University of Minnesota
Known forSelf-verification theory Identity fusion Identity negotiation
AwardsResearch Scientist Development Award, National Institute of Mental Health (twice),[1] Distinguished Lifetime Career Award, International Society for Self and Identity, 2016, Career Contribution Award, Society of Personality and Social Psychology, 2018
Scientific career
FieldsSocial Psychology, Personality psychology
InstitutionsUniversity of Texas at Austin

William B. Swann (born 1952) is a professor of social and personality psychology at the University of Texas at Austin. He is primarily known for his work on identity, self and self-esteem, but has also done research on relationships, social cognition, group processes, accuracy in person perception and interpersonal expectancy effects. He received his Ph.D. in 1978[2] from the University of Minnesota and undergraduate degree from Gettysburg College.[1]

Research

Self-verification theory

Swann devised self-verification theory,[3] which focuses on people's desire to be known and understood by others. Once people develop firmly held beliefs about themselves, the theory suggests that they will come to prefer that others see them as they see themselves—even if their self-views are negative. Swann and his colleagues have found this tendency in many experiments.[4][5] For example, married people with negative self-views are more committed to the relationship and less likely to divorce if their spouse views them negatively.[6] Recent research has applied this theory to understanding phenomena ranging from reactions to procedural justice in organizations,[7] the productivity of members of work groups and teams,[8] and extreme group behavior, such as fighting for one's group.[9]

There is a tension between self-enhancement (the drive for a positive self-image) and self-verification, which reinforces even the negative aspects of a self-image. Swann and colleagues have found that emotional reactions favor enhancement, while more thoughtful processes favor verification.[10][11] They also found that people are more likely to seek enhancement early on in a relationship, but verification as the relationship develops.[10]

Identity negotiation

More recently Swann has contributed to identity negotiation theory. Identity negotiation refers to the processes whereby people in relationships reach agreements regarding "who is who." Once reached, these agreements govern what people expect of one another and the way they relate to one another. As such, identity negotiation processes provide the interpersonal "glue" that holds relationships together.[12] Identity negotiation theory has been used to examine how people work or study together in groups, especially the role of diversity.[12]

Identity fusion

Identity fusion is a visceral sense of "oneness" with a group and its individual members that motivates personally costly, pro-group behaviors.[9][13] Past approaches, most notably social identity theory, have assumed that when people align with groups they are bound to the group by collective ties to the group category.[14][15] Fusion theory emphasizes the ways in which alignment to groups can be based on fit with the personal self and attachment to other group members. Strongly fused persons are especially inclined to endorse pro-group action when either the personal or the social self is salient, when physiological arousal is high, or when they perceive that group members share essential qualities (e.g., genes, core values) with one another.[16][17][18][19] Moreover, feelings of personal agency, perceptions of family-like ties to other group members, and a sense of group-related invulnerability mediate the link between identity fusion and pro-group behaviors. All of these effects emerge while controlling for identification, which predicted extreme sacrifice for the group weakly if at all. Moreover, identity fusion is associated with actual extreme behaviors, such as willingness to volunteer for front-line duty among Libyans during the 2011 revolution.[20] By specifying some of the key antecedents of extreme pro-group behavior as well as the role of the personal self and relational, family like ties in such behavior, the identity-fusion approach fills an important explanatory gap left largely unaddressed by earlier perspectives on group processes.

Academic service

Swann was the 2010 President of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology.[21]

References

  1. ^ a b http://www.mccombs.utexas.edu/execed/faculty/bios/swann.asp [dead link‍]
  2. ^ Nosek, Brian A.; Jesse Graham; Nicole M. Lindner; Selin Kesebir; Carlee Beth Hawkins; Cheryl Hahn; Kathleen Schmidt; Matt Motyl; Jennifer Joy-Gaba; Rebecca Frazier; Elizabeth R. Tenney (2010). "Cumulative and Career-Stage Citation Impact of Social-Personality Psychology Programs and Their Members". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 36 (10): 1283–1300. doi:10.1177/0146167210378111. PMID 20668215. S2CID 5662937.
  3. ^ Jackson, Ronald L. (29 June 2010). "Self-Enhancement Theory". Encyclopedia of Identity. SAGE Publications. p. 367. ISBN 978-1-4129-5153-1. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  4. ^ Kassin, Saul; Fein, Steven; Markus, Hazel Rose (29 January 2010). Social Psychology. Cengage Learning. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-495-81240-1. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  5. ^ Hauf, Petra; Försterling, Friedrich (2007). Making minds: the shaping of human minds through social context. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 69. ISBN 978-90-272-2234-3. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  6. ^ Swann, William B.; Rentfrow, Peter J.; Guinn, Jennifer S. (13 July 2005). "Self-verification: the search for coherence". In Mark R. Leary, June Price Tangney (ed.). Handbook of self and identity. Guilford Press. pp. 367–383. ISBN 978-1-59385-237-5. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  7. ^ North, Rebecca; Swann, William (2009). "Self-verification 360°: Illuminating the Light and Dark Sides". Self and Identity. 8 (2): 131–146. doi:10.1080/15298860802501516. ISSN 1529-8868. S2CID 13017456.
  8. ^ Swann, William B.; Kwan, Virginia S. Y.; Polzer, Jeffrey T.; Milton, Laurie P. (2003). "Fostering Group Identification and Creativity in Diverse Groups: The Role of Individuation and Self-Verification". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 29 (11): 1396–1406. doi:10.1177/0146167203256868. ISSN 0146-1672. PMID 15189577. S2CID 11200102.
  9. ^ a b Swann, William B.; Gómez, Ángel; Seyle, D. Conor; Morales, J. Francisco; Huici, Carmen (2009). "Identity fusion: The interplay of personal and social identities in extreme group behavior". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 96 (5): 995–1011. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.596.6883. doi:10.1037/a0013668. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 19379032.
  10. ^ a b Sorrentino, Richard M.; Yamaguchi, Susumu (2 June 2008). Handbook of motivation and cognition across cultures. Academic Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-12-373694-9. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
  11. ^ Kwang, T.; Swann, W. B. (2010). "Do People Embrace Praise Even When They Feel Unworthy? A Review of Critical Tests of Self-Enhancement Versus Self-Verification". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 14 (3): 263–280. doi:10.1177/1088868310365876. ISSN 1088-8683. PMID 20435799. S2CID 10975254.
  12. ^ a b Swann, William B. (1987). "Identity negotiation: Where two roads meet". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 53 (6): 1038–1051. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.323.4130. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.6.1038. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 3320335. S2CID 6759432.
  13. ^ Swann, W.B.; Jetten, J.; Gomez, A.; Whitehouse, H.; Bastian, B (2012). "When group membership gets personal: A theory of identity fusion". Psychological Review. 119 (3): 441–456. doi:10.1037/a0028589. PMID 22642548.
  14. ^ Tajfel, H.; Turner, J.C. (1979). "An integrative theory of intergroup conflict.". In William, G.A. (ed.). The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. pp. 33–47. ISBN 978-0818502781.
  15. ^ Turner, J.C.; Hogg, M.A.; Oakes, P.J.; Reicher, S.D.; Wetherell, M.S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: self-categorization theory. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 9780631148067.
  16. ^ Swann, W.B.; Gomez, A; Dovidio, J.F.; Hart, S; Jetten, J. (2010). "Dying and Killing for One's Group". Psychological Science. 21 (8): 1176–1183. doi:10.1177/0956797610376656. PMID 20622141. S2CID 16751081.
  17. ^ Swann, W.B.; Buhrmester, M.D.; Gomez, A; Jetten, J; Bastian, B; Vazquez, A; Ariyanto, A; Besta, T; Christ, O (2014). "What makes a group worth dying for? Identity fusion fosters perception of familial ties, promoting self-sacrifice". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 106 (6): 912–926. doi:10.1037/a0036089. PMID 24841096.
  18. ^ Swann, W.B.; Gomez, A; Burhmester, M.D.; Lopez-Rodriguez, L.; Jiménez, J.; Vázquez, A. (2014). "Contemplating the ultimate sacrifice: Identity fusion channels pro-group affect, cognition, and moral decision making". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 106 (5): 713–727. doi:10.1037/a0035809. PMID 24749820.
  19. ^ Swann, W.B.; Gomez, A.; Huici, C., C.; Morales, J.F.; Hixon, J.G. (2010). "Identity fusion and self-sacrifice: Arousal as a catalyst of pro-group fighting, dying, and helping behavior". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 99 (5): 824–841. doi:10.1037/a0020014. PMID 20649370.
  20. ^ Whitehouse, H.; McQuinn, B.; Buhrmester, M.D.; Swann, W.B. (2014). "Brothers in arms: Libyan revolutionaries bond like family". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (20): 17783–17785. doi:10.1073/pnas.1416284111. PMC 4273349. PMID 25385591.
  21. ^ "SESP Officers and Committees". www.sesp.org. Society for Experimental Social Psychology. Retrieved 2 January 2011.

Further reading