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Watermen's stairs were semipermanent structures that formed part of a complex transport network of public stairs, causeways and alleys in use from the 14th century to access the waters of the tidal River Thames in England. They were used by watermen, who taxied passengers across and along the river in London.

Stairs were used at high tide, and causeways were used at low tide, built down to the littoral water level from street level, their location being memorised during a waterman's apprenticeship. Stairs were recognised by custom and practice as safe plying places to pick up and put down passengers and were a valuable aid to rescue if anyone was unfortunate enough to fall into the river, as they were often built adjacent to a public house.

History

The embanking of the tidal Thames was a centuries-old process that lined the river with walls that were meant to stop high water overflowing onto adjacent lands. Alleyways leading down to the Thames became the only practical way to cross over the river via boat as Old London Bridge was frequently blocked. Wharves and later rudimentary docks began to be used to offload goods but most ships simply moored in lines in the middle of the river and their cargo was rowed to shore and carried up shoreline stairs. Some of the Thames original shoreline did remain free from the construction of houses or walls. The access to the river was via shore, gaps between houses used to launch boats. Samuel Pepys in his diaries of 1665 mentions making landfall at Dukes Shore for example before wading^{[citation needed]} up the beach to Narrow Street. As late as the 1850s nearly all new bridges were built with stairs at both ends, and generally on both sides.

The Embankment^[1] which artificially engineered the Thames' natural course in the 1860s left buildings that had been located on the gently sloping incline to the river some distance from the water's edge.

The growth of steamboats in the 1850s allowed boats to dock at specially constructed steamboat piers. Grab chains were built into the now steeply embanked high walls of the central Pool of the river Thames as an aide to rescue but access to the busiest central areas was geared towards mass transit by the 1890s.^{[citation needed]} Later with the increased use of the Hackney carriage, London's stairs gradually fell into disuse or were simply built over and the abrupt collapse of traffic in the up river docks on the central tidal Thames in the 1960s effectively ended their use as transit points within London's transport network.

Cause célèbre

During the 1990s the continued existence of these sites as rights of way^[2] had seemed untenable, despite their importance to London's transport history^[3] and as future sites for archaeological investigation.^[4] In the 1980s a local lobby group^[5] initially based around the Isle of Dogs began to campaign for more local involvement, in the urban renewal of London's East End. Many local people who "worked the river"^[6] began to raise awareness of the decaying state of and lack of river access to the Thames as many stairs and small Docks were bulldozed^[7] during massive redevelopment. It became something of a cause célèbre amongst local people and amateur rowers across London who now felt that the regeneration of London's port districts specifically favoured businesses and property development over the preservation and fair use of river access for local communities and the public.

Meanwhile, the newly formed – the Pool of London Partnership – established in 1996 to help promote urban renewal of the areas north and south of the river^[8] began to successfully lobby for the location of Greater London Authority (GLA) building to be in the Pool of London development area.

In 2002, The City of London recommended that river and foreshore access, the stairs and steps on the Thames, should be opened up where there is a "historical precedent and a practical need".^[9]

Barely eleven Stairs are still in existence, tucked away on the quieter stretches of the river, semi derelict as they have not been in regular use since the 1930s. Many of the pubs to which they provided access from water level were destroyed by bombing during World War II. For centuries these locations dotted along the entire length of the river Thames shoreline were the final points of embarkation at which countless individuals began a forced or chosen new life overseas. It remains to be seen if these strange emotive architectural curiosities, milestones in London's long maritime history, that are located outside the now restored old Pool of London's borders, will be preserved for future generations.

Public stairs in use on the River Thames mid 1700s

In 1746 the surveyor and cartographer John Rocque published a map of London that listed the following stairs on the Thames. (Some docks and wharves are also included.)

Surrey Shore

River Thames

London Shore

Vaux Hall

Gunhouse

White Hart

Lambeth

Stangate

Upstream

Parliament

Westminster Bridge

Kings Arms

Morris's Causeway

Old Barge House

Bull

Marygold

Paris Garden

Faulcon

Mason

Goat

New Thames Street

Horseshoe Alley

Bank End

St. Mary Overies

Cock Alley

Pepper Alley

Manchester

Privy Garden

Whitehall

Hungerford

Black Lyon

York Buildings

Salisbury

Savoy

Somerset

Strand Bridge

Surrey

Arundel

Essex

Temple

White Fryers

Dorset

Blackfryers

Puddle Dock

Paul's Wharf

Trig

Queen Hith Little

Queen Hith

Three Crane

Dowgate

Steel Yard

Alhallows

Cole Harbour

Old Swan

London Bridge

Tooly

Battle Bridge

Pickle Herring

Still

Horsleydown Old

George

Horsleydown New

Savory Mill

East Lane

Three Mariners

Fountain

Cherry Garden

West Lane

Redriff

Kings

Princes

Elephant

Church

Hannover

Ruffels Mill

King and Queen

Globe

Shepherd and Dog

Greenland

Dog and Duck

George

Downstream

Billingsgate

Bear Key

Custom House

Tower

Iron Gate

St. Catherine's

Ald. Parsons's

Hermitage

Union

Wapping Old

Wapping New

Execution Dock

Wapping Dock

King Edwards

New Crane

King James's

Pelican

Shadwell Dock

Coal

Bell Wharf

Great Stone

Trinity

Stone

Hall

Queen

Godwell

Kidney

Shipping

Limehouse Hole

Surrey Shore

River Thames

London Shore

Public stairs in use on the River Thames mid 1800s

A century later "Cross's New Plan Of London"^[10] published in 1850 showed the following stairs. (Some docks and piers are also included.)

Surrey Shore

River Thames

London Shore

Beaufort

Battersea Bridge

Upstream

Feather

O. Magpie

Ranelagh

Vauxhall Bridge

Vauxhall

Gunners

White Hart

Horse Ferry

Lambeth

Stangate

Millbank

[Penitentiary]

Horse Ferry

Westminster Bridge

Kings Arms

Whitehall

Hungerford

York Buildings

Salisbury

Waterloo Bridge

Old Bargehouse

Bull

Surrey

Arundel

Essex

Temple

Watermans

Blackfriars Bridge

Paris Garden

Falcon

Masons

Goat

[Emerson Street]

Puddle Dock

Castle

[Queen Hithe]

Southwark Bridge

St. Mary Ov[erie]s

St. Saviours Dock

Steel Yard

Allhallows

[Swan]

London Bridge

Tooley

Battle Bridge

Pickle Herring

Still

Horslydown Old

George

Horslydown New

Mill

East Lane

3 Mariners

Fountain

Cherry Garden

West Lane

Rotherhithe

King

Princes

Elephant

Church

Hanover

Russels Mill

Kings Mill

Bull Head Dock

King and Queen

Globe

Lavender Dock Pier

The Pageants

Commercial Dock Pier

Greenland

Dog and Duck

George

Kings

Billingsgate

Garden Pier

Greenwich Pier

Hospital

[Pelton Road] Pier

Downstream

Billingsgate

Custom House

Tower

Iron Gate

St. Catharine

Alderman Parsons

Hermitage

Browns Quay

Union

Wapping Old

Gun Dock

Wapping New

Execution Dock

Wapping Dock

Frying Pan

New Crane

King James's

Shadwell Dock

Cole

Stone

Ratcliff Cross

Kidney

Duke

Limehouse Hole

Mill Wall

Chalkstone

Willow Bridge

Blackwall

Surrey Shore

River Thames

London Shore

References

^ "Hungerford Pier, Thames Embankment, 1869". Archived from the original on 13 May 2006. Retrieved 28 September 2007.
^ "Thames Regional Rowing Council: Access to the River Thames". Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2007.
^ "First Settlers Monument". www.tower-bridge.org.uk.
^ "English Heritage". www.english-heritage.org.uk.
^ Mason, John (12 May 2004). "Obituary: Ted Johns". The Guardian.
^ "Tower bridge community". Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2007.
^ "Photo". www.tower-bridge.org.uk. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
^ "Pool of London: Media". www.pooloflondon.co.uk.
^ "City of London Unitary Development Plan 2002: Riverside Appraisal of the Thames Policy Area in the City of London" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2007.
^ Cross, Joseph (1850). "Cross's New Plan Of London 1850". MAPCO. Joseph Cross. Retrieved 5 May 2023.

Sources

Rocque's map of London online http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~genmaps/genfiles/COU_files/ENG/LON/Rocque/rocque_index.htm
Pool of London http://www.pooloflondon.co.uk/news.builder/00546.html
Historical precedent and a practical need http://cms.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/B793C4BC-BC84-4292-BD17-8B4039003E29/0/DP_PL_riversideappraisal.pdf
English Heritage http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/upload/pdf/thamesgateway.pdf
Grab Chains https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199495/cmhansrd/1995-04-19/Writtens-2.html
Ted Johns http://politics.guardian.co.uk/politicsobituaries/story/0,1441,1214789,00.html
First Settlers Monument http://www.tower-bridge.org.uk/fact1.htm
First Settlers Monument http://www.tower-bridge.org.uk/monplan3.jpg

External links

http://www.thames21.org.uk/
Peter Finch, 2010, "Access to the River Thames: Steps, stairs and landing places on the Tidal Thames", River Thames Society, https://www.riverthamessociety.org.uk/publications