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Viva Zapata!
Viva Zapata!
	Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Elia Kazan
Written by	John Steinbeck
Produced by	Darryl F. Zanuck
Starring	Marlon Brando; Jean Peters; Anthony Quinn
Cinematography	Joseph MacDonald
Edited by	Barbara McLean
Music by	Alex North
Distributed by	20th Century Fox
Release date	February 13, 1952;
Running time	113 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$1.8 million
Box office	$1,900,000 (US rentals)

Viva Zapata! is a 1952 American Western film directed by Elia Kazan and starring Marlon Brando, Jean Peters, and in an Academy Award-winning performance, Anthony Quinn. The screenplay was written by John Steinbeck, using Edgcumb Pinchon's 1941 book Zapata the Unconquerable as a guide.

The film is a fictionalized account of the life of Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata from his peasant upbringing through his rise to power in the early 1900s and his death in 1919.

To make the film as authentic as possible, Kazan and producer Darryl F. Zanuck studied the numerous photographs that were taken during the revolutionary years, the period between 1909 and 1919, when Zapata led the fight to restore land taken from common people during the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. Kazan was especially impressed with the Agustín Casasola collection of photographs, and he attempted to duplicate their visual style in the film. Kazan also acknowledged the influence of Roberto Rossellini's Paisan (1946).^[3]

Plot

Emiliano Zapata is part of a delegation sent to complain about injustices to corrupt longtime president Porfirio Díaz, but Díaz dismisses their concerns, driving Zapata to open rebellion, along with his brother Eufemio. He unites with Pancho Villa under the leadership of naive reformer Francisco Madero.

Díaz is finally toppled and Madero takes his place, but Zapata is dismayed to find that nothing is changing. Madero offers Zapata land of his own while failing to take action to distribute land to the campesinos who fought to end the dictatorship and break up the estates of the elites. Zapata rejects the offer and seeks no personal gain. Meanwhile, the ineffectual but well-meaning Madero puts his trust in treacherous general Victoriano Huerta. Huerta first takes Madero captive and then has him murdered.

As it becomes clear that each new regime is no less corrupt and self-serving than the one it replaced, Zapata remains guided by his desire to return to the peasants their recently robbed lands while forsaking his personal interests. His brother sets himself up as a petty dictator, taking what he wants without regard for the law, but Zapata remains a rebel leader of high integrity. Although he is able to defeat Huerta after Madero's assassination, as a result of his integrity, Zapata loses his brother and his position.

Although in the end Zapata himself is lured into an ambush and killed, the film suggests that the resistance of the campesinos does not end. Rumors begin that Zapata never died, but is instead continuing to fight from the hills, feeding the campesinos a sense of hope. As several scenes suggest, over the years, the campesinos have learned to lead themselves rather than looking to others to lead them.

Cast

Marlon Brando as Emiliano Zapata
Jean Peters as Josefa Zapata, his wife
Anthony Quinn as Eufemio Zapata
Joseph Wiseman as Fernando Aguirre
Arnold Moss as Don Nacio
Alan Reed as Pancho Villa
Margo as Soldadera
Harold Gordon as Francisco Ignacio Madero
Lou Gilbert as Pablo
Frank Silvera as Victoriano Huerta
Florenz Ames as Señor Espejo
Richard Garrick as Old General
Fay Roope as Porfirio Díaz
Mildred Dunnock as Señora Espejo
Henry Silva as Hernández, the peasant who challenges "President" Zapata (uncredited)
Ross Bagdasarian as officer (uncredited)

Production

Filming and casting

Filming took place in locations including Durango, Colorado, Roma, Texas, San Ygnacio, Texas in Zapata County, and New Mexico.

The screenplay was written by John Steinbeck based on Edgcomb Pinchon's 1941 book Zapata the Unconquerable. Steinbeck's screenplay has been published as a book along with a narrative of Zapata's life that Steinbeck also wrote.^{[citation needed]}

Barbara Leaming writes in her biography of Marilyn Monroe that Monroe tried to obtain a part in the film, but failed, presumably because of Darryl F. Zanuck's lack of faith in her ability, both as an actress and as a box-office draw.^{[citation needed]}

Reception

Viva Zapata! received generally positive to mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that of 19 reviews, 58% of critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 6.2/10.

Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote a highly favorable review and commented that the film "... throbs with a rare vitality, and a masterful picture of a nation in revolutionary torment has been got by Director Elia Kazan."^[4] Variety, however, criticized the direction and script: "Elia Kazan's direction strives for a personal intimacy but neither he nor the John Steinbeck scripting achieves in enough measure."^{[citation needed]}

Senator John McCain listed Viva Zapata! as his favorite film of all time.^[5]

Awards and nominations

Award	Category	Nominee(s)	Result	Ref.
Academy Awards	Best Actor	Marlon Brando	Nominated	^[6]
	Best Supporting Actor	Anthony Quinn	Won
	Best Story and Screenplay	John Steinbeck	Nominated
	Best Art Direction – Black-and-White	Art Direction: Lyle R. Wheeler and Leland Fuller; Set Decoration: Thomas Little and Claude E. Carpenter	Nominated
	Best Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture	Alex North	Nominated
British Academy Film Awards	Best Film from any Source		Nominated	^[7]
British Academy Film Awards	Best Foreign Actor	Marlon Brando	Won	^[7]
Cannes Film Festival	Grand Prix	Elia Kazan	Nominated	^[8]
Cannes Film Festival	Best Actor	Marlon Brando	Won	^[8]
Directors Guild of America Awards	Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures	Elia Kazan	Nominated	^[9]
Golden Globe Awards	Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture	Mildred Dunnock	Nominated	^[10]
International Film Music Critics Association Awards	Best New Recording of a Previously Existing Score	Alex North, Jerry Goldsmith, and Royal Scottish National Orchestra	Nominated	^[11]