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Valeriana
	Garden valerian, Valeriana officinalis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Dipsacales
Family:	Caprifoliaceae
Subfamily:	Valerianoideae
Genus:	Valeriana; L., 1753
Synonyms
	List Aligera Suksd. (1897); Amblyorhinum Turcz. (1852); Aretiastrum (DC.) Spach (1841); Astrephia Dufr. (1811); Belonanthus Graebn. (1906); Betckea DC. (1832); Centranthus DC. (1805); Dufresnia DC. (1834); Fedia Gaertn. (1790), nom. cons.; Fedia Kunth (1819), nom. illeg.; Fuisa Raf. (1840); Hemesotria Raf. (1820); Hybidium Fourr. (1868); Locusta Riv. ex Medik. (1789); Masema Dulac (1867); Mitrophora Neck. ex Raf. (1813); Monastes Raf. (1840); Ocymastrum Kuntze (1891); Odontocarpa Raf. (1840); Oligacoce Willd. ex DC. (1830); Phu Ludw. (1757); Phuodendron (Graebn.) Dalla Torre & Harms (1905); Phyllactis Pers. (1805); Plectritis DC. (1830); Polypremum Adans. (1763), nom. illeg.; Porteria Hook. (1851); Pseudobetckea (Höck) Lincz. (1958); Rittera Raf. (1840), nom. illeg.; Saliunca Raf. (1840); Siphonella Small (1903); Stangea Graebn. (1906); Valerianopsis C.A.Müll. (1885); ;

Valeriana is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caprifoliaceae,^[1] members of which may be commonly known as valerians. It contains many species, including the garden valerian, Valeriana officinalis. Valeriana has centers of diversity in Eurasia and South America (especially in the Andes), and is represented by native species on all continents except Antarctica.

Some species have been introduced to parts of the world outside their native range, including Valeriana rubra in the western United States^[2] and Valeriana macrosiphon in Western Australia.^[3]

Taxonomy

The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus after the Roman emperor Publius Licinius Valerianus who was said to use the plant as medicine.^[4]^: 16 The emperor's personal name comes from Valeria and the Latin verb valeo which means "to be strong".^[5]^[6]

32 previously recognized genera, including Centranthus, Fedia, and Plectritis, are now considered synonyms of Valeriana.^[1] Species in the former genus Centranthus are unusual in having flowers with "handedness", that is, having neither radial nor bilateral symmetry.^[7]

Botany

Species from this genus are herbaceous and have woody roots. They grow vines with fine hairs and trifoliolate, pinnate leaves with serrated edges. They release a strong smell when they dry. Their flowers bloom from cymes.^[8]

Fossil record

Fossil seeds of Valeriana sp, among them †Valeriana pliocenica, have been recovered from Late Miocene deposits of southern Ukraine, and from Pliocene deposits of south-eastern Belarus and Bashkortostan in central Russia. The fossil seeds are most similar to the extant European Valeriana simplicifolia (a subspecies of Valeriana dioica).^[9]

Species

As of July 2024^[update], Plants of the World Online accepts over 435 species and hybrids, including:^[1]

Valeriana alypifolia Kunth
Valeriana amazonum (Fridl. & A.Raynal) Christenh. & Byng
Valeriana aretioides Kunth
Valeriana asterothrix Killip
Valeriana bertiscea Pančić
Valeriana buxifolia F.G.Mey.
Valeriana calcitrapae L.
Valeriana californica A.Heller
Valeriana celtica L. – Alpine valerian or valerian spikenard
Valeriana cernua B.Eriksen
Valeriana ciliosa (Greene) Byng & Christenh. (2018) – longspur seablush
Valeriana coleophylla Diels
Valeriana dioica L. – marsh valerian
Valeriana edulis Nutt.
Valeriana eriocarpa (Desv.) Christenh. & Byng – Italian corn salad
Valeriana fauriei Briq. – Korean valerian^[10]
Valeriana locusta L. – corn salad, lamb's lettuce, mâche, fetticus
Valeriana macrocera (Torr. & A.Gray) Byng & Christenh. – longhorn seablush
Valeriana macrosiphon (Boiss.) E.Vilm. – long-spurred valerian
Valeriana montana L.
Valeriana occidentalis A.Heller
Valeriana officinalis L. – garden valerian
Valeriana pauciflora Michx.
Valeriana pyrenaica L. – Pyrenean valerian
Valeriana rubra L. – red valerian
Valeriana secunda B.Eriksen
Valeriana sitchensis Bong. – Sitka valerian
Valeriana trinervis Viv.
Valeriana uliginosa (Torr. & A.Gray) Rydb.
Valeriana umbilicata (Sull.) Christenh. & Byng – navel corn salad
Valeriana woodsiana (Torr. & A.Gray) Christenh. & Byng – beaked corn salad

Gallery

Valeriana officinalis
V. montana

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Valeriana L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
^ USDA Plants Profile
^ "FloraBase Profile". Archived from the original on 2011-05-24. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
^ Ilieva, Iliana (30 March 2021). "Names of botanical genera inspired by mythology". GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 14 (3): 8–18. doi:10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.3.0050.
^ Harper, Douglas. "valerian". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). "vălĕo". A Latin Dictionary. Perseus Digital Library.
^ Weberling, Focko (1992). Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 0-521-25134-6.
^ Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro (April 2020). "Caprifoliaceae" (PDF). Guide to the Genera of Lianas and Climbing Plants of the Neotropics. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.
^ The Pliocene flora of Kholmech, south-eastern Belarus and its correlation with other Pliocene floras of Europe by Felix Yu. VELICHKEVICH and Ewa ZASTAWNIAK - Acta Palaeobot. 43(2): 137–259, 2003
^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 668. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.