Usa Jingū (宇佐神宮), also known as Usa Hachimangū (宇佐八幡宮), is a Shinto shrine in the city of Usa in Ōita Prefecture in Japan. Emperor Ojin, who was deified as Hachiman-jin (the tutelary god of warriors), is said to be enshrined in all the sites dedicated to him; and the first and earliest of these was at Usa in the early 8th century.[2] The Usa Jingū has long been the recipient of Imperial patronage; and its prestige is considered second only to that of Ise.[3]
The shrine was founded in Kyushu during the Nara period. Ancient records place the foundation of Usa Jingū in the Wadō era (708–714).[4] A temple called Miroku-ji (弥勒寺) was built next to it in 779, making it what is believed to be the first shrine-temple (jingū-ji) ever.[5] The resulting mixed complex, called Usa Hachimangu-ji (宇佐八幡宮寺, Usa Hachiman Shrine Temple), lasted over a millennium until 1868, when the Buddhist part was removed to comply with the Kami and Buddhas Separation Act. Part of the remains of
Miroku-ji can still be found within the grounds of Usa Jingū.[6]
In connection with Miroku-ji, many Tendai temples were established across the Kunisaki Peninsula forming Rokugō Manzan (六郷満山). The resulting culture is said to be the first to have practiced shinbutsu-shūgō (神仏習合), or the syncretism of Buddhism and Shinto. For this reason, Usa Jingū and the Rokugō Manzan temples are considered to be the birthplace of shinbutsu-shūgō.[6]
Usa Jingū is today the center from which over 40,000 branch Hachiman shrines have grown.[1] Usa's Hachiman shrine first appears in the chronicles of Imperial history during the reign of Empress Shōtoku. The empress allegedly had an affair with a Buddhist monk named Dōkyō. An oracle was said to have proclaimed that the monk should be made emperor; and the kamiHachiman at Usa was consulted for verification. The empress died before anything further could develop.[7]
In the 16th century, the temple was razed to the ground and repeatedly attacked by the Christian-sympathizing lord of FunaiŌtomo Yoshishige. The wife of Yoshishige, Ōtomo-Nata Jezebel was the High Priestess alongside Nara Clan and resisted against her former husband's attacks.[8]
Usa Jingū is considered to be the birthplace of mikoshi.[11] The earliest recorded use of a mikoshi was in the 8th century during the Nara period. In 749, the shrine's mikoshi was used to carry the spirit of Hachiman from Kyushu to Nara, where the deity was to guard construction of the great Daibutsu at Tōdai-ji. By the 10th century, carrying mikoshi into the community during shrine festivals had become a conventional practice.[12]
Branch shrines
Over the course of centuries, a vast number of Hachiman shrines have extended the reach of the kami at Usa:
In 859, a branch offshoot was established to spread Hachiman's protective influence over Kyoto;[3] and this Iwashimizu Hachimangū still draws worshipers and tourists today.
In 1063, Tsurugaoka Hachimangū was established by Minamoto no Yoriyoshi to extend Hachiman's protective influence over Kamakura;[3] and today this branch shrine attracts more visitors than any other shrine in Japan.
Festivals and events
Hōjō-e festival
Because of its mixed religious ancestry, one of the important festivals at the shrine is the Hōjō-e (放生会), originally a Buddhist ceremony in which captive birds and fish are released.[14] The ceremony, held every autumn, is accompanied by sacred kagura dances meant to commemorate the souls of fish killed by fishermen during the previous year. Hōjō-e, which contains both elements of Buddhism and Shinto and is now performed in many shrines throughout country, first took place at Usa Jingū.[15]
The event begins with the eight kilometer carrying of a mikoshi from Usa Jingū to the banks of the Yorimo River (寄藻川). Upon arrival, the mikoshi is greeted by Buddhist monks from the Rokugō Manzan temples who chant sutras to "welcome the deity."[16] This is a clear display of Usa Jingū's historical connection to shinbutsu-shūgō. The following day, mollusks are released into the river.[16]
Hatsumōde
The shrine attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors on and surrounding New Year's Day for Hatsumōde (初詣), or the first shrine visit of the new year.[17] Many events including kagura performances are held on these days.[18]
The structures which comprise the current shrine complex were built in the middle of the 19th century. Their characteristic configuration, called Hachiman-zukuri, consists of two parallel structures with gabled roofs interconnected on the non-gabled side to form what internally is a single building. Seen from the outside, however, the complex still gives the impression of being two separate buildings.[21] The structure in front is called the ge-in, which is where the deity is said to reside during the daytime. The structure in the rear is called the nai-in, which serves as the deity's sleeping chamber during the night.[2]
Interior of the Kurehashi Bridge (closed to the public)
Worship style
The worship style at Usa Jingū differs from that of other shrines. After putting a coin in the saisen box (賽銭箱, saisen-bako), it is correct etiquette to bow twice, clap four times (rather than the usual two claps), then bow once.[23]
There are four round-trip buses per day from Oita Airport to Usa Jingū.[24]
In 2013, a slope car was installed to assist elderly and wheelchair-bound visitors in reaching the Upper Shrine.
The former Usa Sangū Line (大分交通宇佐参宮線) once connected Bungotakada to the former Usa Hachiman Railway Station (宇佐八幡駅) at Usa Jingū. This train line was closed in 1965 at which point the station at Usa Jingū was demolished and turned into a parking lot. The Steam Locomotive Krauss No. 26, which once ran on the Usa Sangū Line, has been preserved and can be seen near the parking lot and main approach of Usa Jingū. [25]
Steam Locomotive Krauss No. 26 preserved at Usa Jingū
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