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Union Correctional Institution
Location	25636 Northeast State Road 16 ; Raiford, Florida 32083-2632
Status	Open
Security class	Mixed
Capacity	2172
Opened	1913
Managed by	Florida Department of Corrections
Website	dc.state.fl.us/ci/213.html

The Union Correctional Institution, formerly referred to as Florida State Prison, and also commonly known as Raiford Prison is a Florida Department of Corrections state prison located in unincorporated Union County, Florida,^[1] near Raiford.^[2]

Since it first opened in 1913, the prison has been expanded and restructured many times. The State Prison Farm was one of the last prisons in the United States to abolish the practice of convict leasing in 1923.^[3] In 1955 the first buildings of the East Unit were established, across the Bradford County line to the south. In July 1972, the East Unit became the new Florida State Prison, and the old prison was redesignated as the Union Correctional Institution.

As of 2016, Union remains one of the largest prisons in the Florida system. It houses a maximum capacity of 2,172 adult male prisoners at a range of security levels (Maximum, Close, Medium, Minimum, and Community).

History

State Prison Farm

Florida's largest and oldest correctional institution was established in 1913 to house infirm inmates who could not be leased to private businesses.^[3] The initial population of the prison was close to 600 inmates, both male and female.^[4] Given the official name of Raiford Penitentiary, the facility was referred to almost exclusively as "State Prison Farm", as convicts' duties routinely included farming the 18,000-acre (73 km²) prison property. The population at the facility remained fairly constant during these early years; the number of inmates needed for the farm would dictate the initial capacity for the prison.

In January 1919, Captain J. S. Blitch was appointed warden and attempted to bring about positive change to the facility. The inmates were rewarded for their labors in the field with theatrical productions, and weekly baseball games. However, continued reports of guards beating inmates soured the positive image that Blitch was trying to publicize. Brutal treatment of inmates in the convict lease system would lead to the abandonment of convict lease in 1923. By the early 1920s, the large State Prison Farm property consisted of approximately 4,000 acres (16 km²) under cultivation, kept in large part by the prisoners. Also on the property was a shoe factory that made 10 pairs of shoes per day. Living conditions in the prison were very poor. The women especially lived in horrid conditions, housed separately from the men in overcrowded, wooden dormitories.^[3]

A 1928 report on the American penal system shows that, of the 1,101 male prisoners received, 674 (61%) were of color and 427 (39%) were white. Segregation existed in all aspects of prison life, from working areas to hospitals to bathrooms.^[5]

Florida State Prison

Following the abolition of convict lease and the subsequent increase in the inmate population, the prison structure changed. In 1927, a license tag factory was constructed, adding to the already extensive production line of the prison. The Main Housing Unit ("The Rock") was erected in 1928, a major step in the process of increasing the prison population. This building was kept in use until court order in 1985. ("The Rock" remained at the prison site unused until demolition in 1999.) By 1932, the inmate population was over 2,000, and a mess hall, auditorium and library had been added. The expanding prison also added a laundry and shirt factory around this time. Shortly after, in 1935, a maximum security building was constructed, the "Flat Top". This proved vital in the expansion of the center, as from this stage forward the prison would remain a maximum security facility. This was also the year the "West Unit" was built to house female offenders which remained in use until 1954 when the Florida Correctional Institution in Ocala was opened and all the female inmates were transferred from Raiford to the new facility (the West Unit remained in use as a medical facility until 1968). In 1955, the "East Unit", a new maximum security facility was completed.^[3]

The East Unit became a separate institution in July 1972, renamed Florida State Prison. The original prison site became known as Union Correctional Institution. In 1983, a Corrections Officer was stabbed to death by two inmates. ^[6] A new Death Row was constructed in 1992, coinciding with the relocation of inmates from the State Prison next door.^[7] The present-day facility still uses many of the older buildings. The prison has an eclectic range of facilities, from hearing impaired and elderly accommodation to designated confinement space. The prison also has a variety of living residences, such as cell units, house units and self-contained houses.^[3]

A 1999 report by the St. Petersburg Times took a detailed look into issues of racism and diversity in the Union Correctional Institution. The report stated that more than half of the inmates were black, and more than 75% of the guards were white. This alone was grounds for racial tension. Several officers and inmates reported a clique of racist guards, distinguishable by the cord key chains they would wear. Problems turned out to be far more significant, however, after a review of public records and court files revealed over 100 black agency employees were involved in lawsuits alleging rampant racism and discrimination in the prison system. Perhaps worst of these allegations, a black recreation manager once arrived at his desk to find across his bulletin board the letters "KKK". The report also included the story of a 1993 incident, where inmates on death row were exposed to a man wearing a KKK-style white sheet walking by their cells.^{[dead link‍]}^[8]

Notable inmates

Current inmates

Daniel Conahan - Murderer and possible serial killer
Leon Davis Jr. - Serial killer and arsonist
Wayne C. Doty - Murderer and drug robber
Kevin D. Foster - Murderer and leader of the Lords of Chaos
Gary Hilton - Serial killer
Michael King - Convicted of the murder of Denise Amber Lee
Markeith Loyd – Murderer
Craig C. Price - Juvenile serial killer
Glen Edward Rogers - Serial killer and rapist
Mark Sievers - Convicted of the murder of Teresa Sievers
Donald J. Smith - Convicted of the murder of Cherish Perrywinkle
George Trepal - Murderer and poisoner
Troy Victorino - Perpetrator of the Deltona massacre
William Thomas Zeigler - Mass murderer and family annihilator
Wade Wilson - Sentenced to 2 death sentences for the murder of two women in 2019

Former inmates

Groveland Four - Four men accused of raping a woman and beating her husband
Gary Ray Bowles - Serial killer
Ted Bundy - Serial killer
Robert Frederick Carr - Pedophilic serial killer and rapist
Oba Chandler - Serial killer
John Brennan Crutchley - Rapist, murderer, and suspected serial killer
Franklin Delano Floyd - Kidnapper, murderer, sex offender, and possible serial killer
Clarence Earl Gideon - Wrongfully convicted burglar
Edward Dean Kennedy - Escapee and serial killer
Bobby Joe Long - Serial killer and rapist
Renaldo McGirth - Convicted of the murder of Diana Miller
Donn Pearce - AWOL-er and counterfeiter
Danny Rolling - Serial killer
Randy Schoenwetter - Double murderer
Nelson Serrano - Mass murderer
Eddie Lee Sexton - Satanist and incestuous rapist and murderer
Joseph P. Smith - Convicted of killing Carlie Brucia (subject of Carlie's Law)
Dan White - Actor convicted of robbery
James Winkles - Murderer, kidnapper and alleged serial killer
Giuseppe Zangara - Attempted assassin of U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt and assassin of Chicago mayor Anton Cermak