Umar ibn Hafsun

Ruins of the Bobastro Church.

Umar ibn Hafsun ibn Ja'far ibn Salim (Arabic: عمر بن حَفْصُون بن جَعْفَ بن سالم) (c. 850 – 917), known in Spanish history as Omar ben Hafsun, was a 9th-century political and military leader who contested Umayyad power in Iberia.

Ancestry

The background of Ibn Hafsun has been the subject of conflicting claims. A contemporary poet, Ibn Abd Rabbih (860-940), referred to him as a Sawada, a descendant of black Africans.[1] Writing a century later, Ibn Hayyan recorded a pedigree for Ibn Hafsun by tracing his descent to a great-grandfather, Ja'far ibn Salim, who had converted to Islam and settled in the Ronda area of the Province of Málaga in southern Spain. The pedigree then traces back several additional generations to one Count Marcellus (or perhaps Frugelo), son of Alfonso, apparently a Christian Visigoth. This pedigree was copied by later historians, including Ibn Idhari, Ibn Khatib, and Ibn Khaldun, as well as the A'lam Malaga (History of Malaga) begun by Ibn 'Askar and completed by Ibn Khamis, and more recent authors such as Reinhart Dozy, in his Histoire des Mussulmans d'Espagne (History of the Muslims of Spain).[2] However, historian David J. Wasserstein has concluded that the pre-conversion portion of this pedigree was probably invented by Umar himself. José Antonio Conde in 1820 indicated that Ibn Hafsun was "a man of pagan origin, of obscure and unknown ancestry."[3] Regardless, there is evidence his family owned lands in Iznate, Málaga, where he grew up.[4]

Life

Ibn Hafsun was born around 850 in the mountains near Parauta in what is now Málaga. In his wild youth, he had a very violent temper and was involved in a number of disputes, including a homicide around the year 879. He joined a group of brigands and was captured by the Vali of Málaga, who merely imposed a fine since he had not been informed of the homicide. The governor subsequently lost his post. Ibn Hafsun fled the jurisdiction to Morocco[5] where he worked briefly as an apprentice tailor[6] or stonemason.[citation needed]

He soon returned to al-Andalus as an outlaw and joined bandits who were in rebellion against Andalusian rule and soon rose to a leadership position.[7] Originally he settled in the ruins of the old castle of Bobastro (Arabic: بُبَشْتَر bubastar).[8] He rebuilt the castle, and fortified the nearby town of Ardales. He rallied disaffected Muwallads and Mozarabs to the cause by playing off resentment towards the unfair heavy taxation and the humiliating treatment they were receiving at the hands of Abd ar-Rahman and his successors.[9][better source needed] He acquired castles and lands in a wide area not only in Malaga but also in portions of the Provinces of Cádiz, Granada (known then as "Elvira"), Jaén, and Seville.

By 883, he had become the leader of the rebels in the provinces to the south and the west of the Emirate of Córdoba. The year before, in 882, he is said to have fought the Emir in a battle in which his ally, García Íñiguez of Pamplona, was killed. Around 885, to be more centrally located so that he could more quickly respond to external threats, Ibn Hafsun moved his headquarters to the town of Poley, which is now Aguilar de la Frontera.

After Ibn Hafsun’s defeat by the forces of Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi at the Battle of Poley in 891, he moved his headquarters back to Bobastro. In 898, Lubb ibn Muhammad, of the Banu Qasi, was marching an army to support Umar when the death of his father at Zaragoza forced Lubb to abandon the campaign. In 899, Ibn Hafsun renounced Islam and converted to Christianity. He was baptised as Samuel.[4] His motivations seems to have been opportunistic in the hope of obtaining military support from Alfonso III of Asturias, who had met with indifference overtures by Ibn Hafsun on behalf of Ibn Marwan. The conversion attracted him significant Mozarab support but cost him the support of most of his Mullawad followers.[10] He also built the Iglesia Mozárabe ("Mozarab Church") at the Bobastro.

Ibn Hafsun continued to be a serious threat to Córdoba. In 910, he offered allegiance to the newly established Fatimid Caliphate of North Africa,[11] and when Abd-ar-Rahman III became Emir of Cordoba in 912, he instigated a policy of annual spring offensives against Ibn Hafsun by using mercenary troops. In 913 Rahman captured the city of Seville, and by the end of 914, had captured 70 of Ibn Hafsun’s castles. In 916, he joined forces with the Umayyads in a campaign against northern Christian kingdoms for an as of yet unknown reason, whether in contrition or merely as an expedient compromise.[4] For a while, even taxes were paid to the Umayyads.[4]

Ibn Hafsun died in 917 and was buried in the Iglesia Mozarabe. His coalition then crumbled; while his sons Ja'far, 'Abd-ar-Rahman and Hafs tried to continue the resistance, they eventually fell to 'Abd-ar-Rahman III. Hafs surrendered Bobastro in 928 and fought with the Umayyad army in Galicia.[4] With Bobastro's fall, the mortal remains of Ibn Hafsun and his slain sons were exhumed by the emir and posthumously crucified outside the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba.[12]

Notes

  1. ^ Antonio Olliz-Boyd; Gabriel Asoanab Abudu (1993). "Afro-Iberian identity in the Early Literature of Spain: Precursors of the Afro hispanic Identity". In Helen Ryan-Ransom (ed.). Imagination, Emplems, and Expressions: Essays on Latin American, Caribbean and Continental Culture and Identity. Bowling Green University Popular Press. pp. 283-300 at 290-291.
  2. ^ Ryan-Ranson, p. 291; Wasserstein, pp. 272-274; Christys, Christians in Al-Andalus, pp. 102.
  3. ^ Un hombre de orígen pagano, de oscura y desconocida prosapia, llamado Omar ben Hafs, José Antonio Conde, Historia de la dominación de los Arabes en España, Madrid: Garcia, 1820, p. 295
  4. ^ a b c d e Houtsma, M. Th. et al. (eds.) (1913-1936) Encyclopaedia of Islam, pp. 981-982
  5. ^ Safran, Janina M. (2000). The Second Umayyad Caliphate: The Articulation of Caliphal Legitimacy in Al-Andalus. Harvard CMES. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-932885-24-1.
  6. ^ Chejne, Anwar G., Muslim Spain, Its History and Culture, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1974, p. 24
  7. ^ Some sources suggest that he received significant help from his uncle Mohadir. "Omar Ben Hafsun"
  8. ^ The exact site of Bobastro is debated by modern archaeologists although the claim has been made that it is Las Mesas de Villaverde, in the Sierra de la Pizarra mountain range near Ronda in the northern part of the province of Malaga (Ann Christys, Christians in al-Andalus, p. 103).
  9. ^ Ye'or, Bat; Kochan, Miriam and Littman, David (2002) Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, Madison, NJ, p. 63 ISBN 0-8386-3942-9
  10. ^ Lévi-Provençal, Histoire de l'Espagne Musulmane, Paris, 1950, vol. 1, p. 377, speaks of his "instability of character and opportunistic tendencies", and Wasserstein, p. 293, suggests his actions speak of "hasty opportunism, if not, necessarily, of instability". According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, his conversion to Christianity is "far from being historically proved" and that he never sought to ally himself with the Christian north.
  11. ^ Wasserstein, p. 293
  12. ^ Noble, John; Forsyth, Susan; Maric, Vesna (2007). Andalucia. Ediz. Inglese. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-74059-973-3.

References

  • Acién Almansa, Manuel Pedro- (1994) Málaga Musulmana (siglos VIII-XIII). Historia de Málaga. Ed. Diario Sur. Málaga.
  • Barthel, Günter and Kristina Stock (eds.) (1994) Lexikon Arabische Welt, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden. ISBN 3-88226-783-6
  • Bosworth, C.E.; Donzel, E. van; Heinrichs, W.P.; Pellat, Ch., eds. (1998). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume VII (Mif-Naz). BRILL. p. 248. ISBN 9789004094192.
  • Christys, Ann (2002) Christians in Al-Andalus: Culture and civilization in the Middle East (711-1000), Routledge, 2002, ISBN 0-7007-1564-9, Google Print
  • De la Cierva, Ricardo (1979) Historia de España, Vol. III. Ed. Planeta.
  • Glick, Thomas F. (eds.) (2005) Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages, Brill. ISBN 90-04-14771-3
  • Hottinger, Arnold (1995) Die Mauren, Arabische Kultur in Spanien, Wilhelm Fink Verlag.ISBN 3-7705-3075-6
  • Houtsma, M. Th. et al. (eds.) (1913–1936) Encyclopaedia of Islam: dictionary of the geography, ethnography and biography of the Muhammadan peoples (1st ed. in 4 vol.) E. J. Brill, London. "'OMAR b. ḤAFṢŪN", p. 981-2; reprinted in facsimile edition as E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936 in 1987
  • Marín-Guzmán, Roberto (1994) "Rebellions and Political Fragmentation of al-Andalus: A Study of the Revolt of 'Umar Ibn Hafsun in the Period of the Amir 'Abd Allah (888–912)" Islamic Studies 33(4): pp. 419–473
  • Marín-Guzmán, Roberto (1995) "The Causes of the Revolt of Umar ibn Hafsun in Al- Andalus 880-928: A study in medieval Islamic social history" Arabica 17(2): pp. 180–221
  • Marín-Guzmán, Roberto (2006) "Political Turmoil in al-Andalus in the Time of the Amir 'Abd Allah (888-912): Study of the revolt of Daysum Ibn Ishaq, lord of Murcia and Lorca and the role of 'Umar Ibn Hafsun" The Muslim world 96(1): pp. 145–174
  • Menéndez Pidal, Ramón (1984) España Musulmana: 004 (711-1031 : La Conquista, El Emirato, El Califato). Lectorum Pubns Inc. ISBN 84-239-4806-4
  • Regla, J. (1969) Historia de España Ilustrada. Ed. Ramón Sopena. Barcelona.
  • Ronart, Stephan and Nandy Ronart (eds.) (1972) Lexikon der Arabischen Welt. Ein historisch-politisches Nachschlagewerk, Artemis Verlag
  • Ryan-Ranson, Helen (1993) Imagination, Emblems and Expressions, Popular Press, ISBN 0-87972-581-8, M1 Google Print
  • Wasserstein, David J. "Inventing tradition and constructing identity: The genealogy of Umar ibn Hafsün between Christianity and Islam", Al Qantara, vol. 23 (2002), pp. 269–297. ISSN 0211-3589

Read other articles:

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: List of Negima! Magister Negi Magi characters – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Negima! Magister Negi Magi manga and anime series features a wide cast of fictional characters ...

 

Representation of a small human being, common in alchemy and fiction For other uses, see Homunculus (disambiguation). A homunculus (UK: /hɒˈmʌŋkjʊləs/ hom-UNK-yuul-əs, US: /hoʊˈ-/ hohm-, Latin: [hɔˈmʊŋkʊlʊs]; little person, pl.: homunculi UK: /hɒˈmʌŋkjʊliː/ hom-UNK-yuul-ee, US: /hoʊˈ-/ hohm-, Latin: [hɔˈmʊŋkʊli]) is a small human being.[1] Popularized in sixteenth-century alchemy and nineteenth-century fiction, it has historically referred t...

 

Часть серии статей о Холокосте Идеология и политика Расовая гигиена · Расовый антисемитизм · Нацистская расовая политика · Нюрнбергские расовые законы Шоа Лагеря смерти Белжец · Дахау · Майданек · Малый Тростенец · Маутхаузен ·&...

Lokomotif CC204CC 204 03 01 YK berdinas kereta api Bogowonto di tikungan KalimenurData teknisSumber tenagaDiesel elektrikProdusenINKA, dengan lisensi dari GE TransportationModel GE C18MMi (produksi pertama) GE C20EMP (produksi kedua) Tanggal dibuat GE C18MMi : 2003–2005 GE C20EMP : 2006–2011 Jumlah dibuat GE C18MMi : 7 GE C20EMP : 30 Spesifikasi rodaNotasi Whyte0-6-6-0Susunan roda AARC-CKlasifikasi UICCo'Co'DimensiLebar sepur1.067 mm (3 ft 6 in)Panj...

 

Pengangsur penggubah audio di sebuah pub London. Dalam teknik audio, angsur adalah peningkatan atau penurunan level sinyal audio secara bertahap. [1] Istilah ini juga dapat digunakan untuk sinematografi film atau pencahayaan teater dengan cara yang hampir sama angsur pada pencahayaan dan angsur pada perfilman Dalam perekaman dan reproduksi suara, sebuah lagu mungkin secara bertahap direduksi menjadi hening di bagian akhir ( angsur senyap ), atau mungkin secara bertahap diperbesar dari...

 

Villar Focchiardocomune Villar Focchiardo – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Piemonte Città metropolitana Torino AmministrazioneSindacoEmilio Stefano Chiaberto (lista civica) dall'8-6-2009 (3º mandato dal 27-5-2019) TerritorioCoordinate45°07′N 7°14′E / 45.116667°N 7.233333°E45.116667; 7.233333 (Villar Focchiardo)Coordinate: 45°07′N 7°14′E / 45.116667°N 7.233333°E45.116667; 7.233333 (Villar Focchiar...

Mitch Richmond Nazionalità  Stati Uniti Altezza 196 cm Peso 98 kg Pallacanestro Ruolo Allenatore (ex guardia) Termine carriera 2002 - giocatore Hall of fame Naismith Hall of Fame (2014) Carriera Giovanili ?-1984Boyd Anderson High School1984-1986Moberly Area Junior College1986-1988 KSU Wildcats Squadre di club 1988-1991 G.S. Warriors234 (5301)1991-1998 Sacramento Kings517 (12.070)1998-2001 Wash. Wizards161 (2866)2001-2002 L.A. Lakers64 (260) Nazionale 1987-...

 

File synchronization service from Google This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Google SyncDeveloper(s)GoogleInitial releaseFebruary 9, 2009(15 years ago) (2009-02-09);discontinued: December 2012 (11 years ago) (2012-12)Websitegoogle.com/sync Google Sync was a file synchro...

 

Přemyslides Armes des Přemyslides Période IXe siècle à 1521 Pays ou province d’origine château de Levý Hradec (Bohême) Allégeance Saint-Empire romain germanique Fiefs tenus rois de Bohême, ducs de Silésie Demeures château de Prague modifier  Les Přemyslides (en tchèque : Přemyslovci, en polonais : Przemyślidzi) forment une dynastie princière puis royale qui a régné sur la Bohême et la Moravie des IXe siècle ou XIe siècle à 1306 et sur la...

Bnei Brak בְּנֵי בְרַקPanorama dari Bnei Brak BenderaDistrikTemplat:Country data Distrik Tel AvivDidirikan1924Pemerintahan • JenisKota • Kepala DaerahHanoch ZeibertLuas • Total7.088 dunams (7,088 km2 or 2,737 sq mi)Populasi (2007) • Total151.000 • Kepadatan21/km2 (55/sq mi) Lokasi dari Bnei Brak di dalam daearh Tel Aviv District Ponevezh yeshiva di Bnei Brak Bnei Brak (atau Bene Bera...

 

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Bolaang Mongondow. Kabupaten Bolaang MongondowKabupatenBendungan Lolak LambangMotto: Mototompiaan Mototabian bo MototanobanPetaKabupaten Bolaang MongondowPetaTampilkan peta SulawesiKabupaten Bolaang MongondowKabupaten Bolaang Mongondow (Indonesia)Tampilkan peta IndonesiaKoordinat: 0°45′00″N 124°05′00″E / 0.75°N 124.08333°E / 0.75; 124.08333Negara IndonesiaProvinsiSulawesi UtaraTanggal berdiri23 Maret 1954Dasar hukumPP No...

 

ХристианствоБиблия Ветхий Завет Новый Завет Евангелие Десять заповедей Нагорная проповедь Апокрифы Бог, Троица Бог Отец Иисус Христос Святой Дух История христианства Апостолы Хронология христианства Раннее христианство Гностическое христианство Вселенские соборы Н...

The Dream GirlSutradaraCecil B. DeMilleProduserCecil B. DeMilleJesse L. LaskyDitulis olehJeanie MacPhersonPemeranMae MurraySinematograferAlvin WyckoffPenyuntingCecil B. DeMillePerusahaanproduksiFamous Players-Lasky/ArtcraftDistributorParamount PicturesTanggal rilis 17 Juli 1916 (1916-07-17) Durasi50 menit (1500 m)NegaraAmerika SerikatBahasaBisu dengan intertitel Inggris The Dream Girl adalah sebuah film drama bisu Amerika Serikat tahun 1916 garapan Cecil B. DeMille. Berdasarkan pada sebu...

 

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Горностай (значения). Горностай Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:Челюстнороты...

 

Сельское поселение России (МО 2-го уровня)Новотитаровское сельское поселение Флаг[d] Герб 45°14′09″ с. ш. 38°58′16″ в. д.HGЯO Страна  Россия Субъект РФ Краснодарский край Район Динской Включает 4 населённых пункта Адм. центр Новотитаровская Глава сельского пос�...

Sharon den AdelInformasi latar belakangNama lahirSharon Janny den AdelLahir12 Juli 1974 (umur 49)Waddinxveen, BelandaGenreGothic metal, Symphonic rockPekerjaanPenyanyi pencipta lagu komposer perancang busanaInstrumenVokalTahun aktif1996–sekarangLabelRoadrunnerArtis terkaitWithin Temptation, Timo Tolkki, Armin van Buuren, ScorpionsSitus webwww.within-temptation.com Sharon den Adel adalah seorang penyanyi dan komposer dari Belanda, paling dikenal sebagai vokalis Within Temptation band sy...

 

Scottish politician Not to be confused with Cathy Jamison. Cathy JamiesonOfficial portrait, 2003Leader of the Labour Party in Scotland[a]Acting28 June 2008 – 13 September 2008UK party leaderGordon BrownPreceded byWendy AlexanderSucceeded byIain GrayActing15 August 2007 – 14 September 2007UK party leaderGordon BrownPreceded byJack McConnellSucceeded byWendy AlexanderActing8 November 2001 – 22 November 2001UK party leaderTon...

 

كأس أيرلندا الشمالية 2011–12 تفاصيل الموسم كأس أيرلندا  النسخة 132  البلد أيرلندا الشمالية  التاريخ بداية:17 سبتمبر 2011  نهاية:5 مايو 2012  المنظم اتحاد أيرلندا الشمالية لكرة القدم  البطل نادي لينفيلد  مباريات ملعوبة 119   عدد المشاركين 116   كأس أيرلندا الشمالي...

Peschadoires Gare de Pont-de-Dore. Administration Pays France Région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Département Puy-de-Dôme Arrondissement Thiers Intercommunalité Communauté de communes Entre Dore et Allier Maire Mandat Florent Moneyron 2020-2026 Code postal 63920 Code commune 63276 Démographie Populationmunicipale 2 099 hab. (2021 ) Densité 102 hab./km2 Population agglomération 13 732 hab. (2021) Géographie Coordonnées 45° 49′ 38″ nord, 3° ...

 

Cet article est une ébauche concernant un réalisateur australien. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les conventions filmographiques. Pour plus d’informations, voyez le projet Cinéma. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Goulding. Alfred J. GouldingBiographieNaissance 26 janvier 1886Melbourne (Australie)Décès 25 avril 1972 (à 86 ans)Los Angeles (Californie)États-UnisSépulture Forest Lawn Memorial ParkNom de naissance Alfred John Gould...