USS Varuna, as drawn by R. G. Skerrett in 1904
History
United States
Namesake	Varuna
Builder	Mallory Yard, Mystic, Connecticut
Laid down	January or February 1861
Launched	September 1861
Acquired	31 December 1861
Commissioned	February 1862
Out of service	24 April 1862
Fate	Sunk in action 24 April 1862
General characteristics
Tons burthen	1,247 tons burthen or 1,300 tons
Length	218 ft (66 m)
Beam	34 ft 8 in (10.57 m)
Depth of hold	18 ft 3 in (5.56 m)
Propulsion	steam engine 1x screw propeller
Complement	157
Armament	8x 8 inches (20 cm) Dahlgren guns 2x 30-pounder Parrott rifles

USS Varuna was a screw steamer acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. Under construction in 1861, she was purchased incomplete on 31 December. After being commissioned in February 1862, she traveled to join the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. Varuna was present when Flag Officer David Glasgow Farragut led an attack against Confederate positions at Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip on 24 April. During the action, Varuna ran ahead of the other Union ships, and was engaged in a chase with the Louisiana gunboat Governor Moore. After closing in on the Union ship, Governor Moore rammed Varuna twice, with another gunboat adding a third blow. Varuna sank within 15 minutes, but Farragut was able to capture the city of New Orleans, Louisiana.

The American Civil War broke out in April, and the Union adopted the Anaconda Plan, which involved blockading the Confederate coastline and taking control of the Mississippi River. At the beginning of the war, the Union Navy had only 42 ships still considered active, with others mothballed and in poor condition. Many of the existing active ships were too large to enter the ports that would need to be blockaded. The Union found itself needing a number of new ships in order to fulfill the new operations goals.^[1]

Varuna, who was named after a Vedic deity associated with the skies and seas, was laid down at the Mallory Yard of Mystic, Connecticut, in late January or early February, 1861. Launched in September 1861, she was intended to be used as a merchant ship on the trade route between New York City and New Orleans, Louisiana. The Union Navy purchased Varuna on 31 December, at New York City,^[2] before her construction had been completed.^[3]

According to naval historian Paul H. Silverstone, she had a tonnage of 1,247 tons burthen,^[3] while the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (DANFS) places her tonnage at 1,300 tons.^[2] Varuna was 218 feet (66 m) long, and had a beam of 34 feet 8 inches (10.57 m).^[3] Her depth of hold was 18 feet 3 inches (5.56 m).^[2] She was a steamship^[4] and was powered by a single screw propeller. Her crew numbered 157. She was armed with eight 8-inch (20 cm) Dahlgren guns^[5] and two 30-pound (14 kg) Parrott rifles.^[4] The naval historian W. Craig Gaines describes Varuna as either a sloop or a corvette,^[4] while the DANFS describes her as a screw gunboat.^[2]

Varuna was commissioned in February 1862.^[3] On 10 February, she was briefly ordered to wait in New York City while the ironclad USS Monitor was completed, so that she could escort Monitor to Hampton Roads. By the end of the day, the order had been revoked, and Varuna became part of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. On her way to join the squadron, Varuna called at the port of Port Royal, South Carolina. As the Union commander at Port Royal, Flag Officer Samuel Du Pont, was absent^[2] on an expedition south along the Confederate coastline,^[6] Varuna's captain, Commander Charles S. Boggs, temporarily took command of the area. Varuna would not reach the West Gulf Blockading Squadron until 6 March.^[2]

In January, the commander of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron, Flag Officer David Glasgow Farragut, had been tasked with capturing New Orleans for the Union. Farragut would have both a fleet of warships and the Mortar Flotilla. In late February, he arrived at Ship Island,^[7] a strategic island off the coast of Mississippi,^[8] and after preparations, the advance up the Mississippi towards New Orleans began on 15 April. The mortars of the Mortar Flotilla began bombarding two Confederate forts downriver from New Orleans – Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip – on 18 April, with the shelling continuing for another five days. Union vessels were able to breach a barricade erected in the river on 20 April, and at 02:00 on 24 April, Farragut's ships began moving against the two forts, bringing on the Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip.^[9]

Farragut assigned 17 warships for the attack on the forts, dividing them into three groups. Varuna was one of eight ships in the first group, which was tasked with moving up the eastern side of the river to engage Fort St. Philip.^[10] Confederate fire opened at around 03:40.^[11] The lead Union ship was USS Cayuga, who moved towards Fort St. Philip and engaged the ironclads CSS Louisiana and CSS Manassas. Varuna fired into the duel, damaging both the Union and Confederate vessels, and USS Oneida came to the aid of Cayuga as well.^[12] While Oneida held position and fired at the forts, Varuna then broke formation and continued upriver at full steam, despite having engine trouble that resulted in low boiler pressure.^[13] The crew of Varuna burned barrels of pork in an attempt to raise steam. Encountering three Confederate gunboats, Varuna fired at them, and continued upriver.^[14] In the chaos, projectiles from Varuna caused friendly fire casualties on Cayuga.^[15] Varuna was now the leading Union ship, and was spotted by the State of Louisiana gunboat Governor Moore.^[16] The Union ship could be identified by the color of light she showed on her masthead, as Confederate vessels carried a different color of light.^[17]

The two ships then began a chase upriver.^[18] The commander of Governor Moore ordered lights similar to those on Varuna displayed on his ship as a ruse. When the Confederate vessel caught up with Varuna shortly before daylight, the decoy lights were taken down and Governor Moore opened fire.^[19] Governor Moore fired with the chase gun on her bow, while Varuna fired with her stern chase gun.^[17] The gunboat CSS Jackson briefly fired into the melee, but then continued upriver to New Orleans.^[18] Varuna tried to turn to face her broadside towards Governor Moore, but the move was countered; the two ships fired into each other at a range of 40 yards (37 m). Governor Moore approached yet closer, but found that her forward gun could not be depressed enough to rake Varuna's deck, so her captain ordered the gun fired through her own deck,^[17] with the hole serving as a gun port.^[2] A second shot through the hole killed three men aboard Varuna and wounded others.^[18]

At this point, the two ships were about 10 feet (3.0 m) apart, but could barely see each other due to dense smoke.^[17] It was now about 06:00, and the ships were at a point about 9 miles (14 km) upriver from the forts.^[20]Varuna turned to starboard to allow for a broadside to be fired from that side of the ship.^[18] The broadside caused great destruction on Governor Moore's deck,^[17] but Governor Moore rammed Varuna, knocking out the Union ship's engines. Governor Moore then backed off and rammed Varuna again.^[18] Varuna was now sinking rapidly, and steered towards the riverbank.^[21] Another gunboat then arrived and rammed Varuna.^[22][a] Varuna sank within 15 minutes, with her guns still firing as she went down. For their actions in the engagement, eight sailors aboard the vessel were later awarded the Medal of Honor.^[22] Boggs wrote in his official report dated 29 April that four members of the ship's crew were killed and nine wounded, and that four of the Marines aboard were also wounded;^[26] while the report of Acting Assistant Paymaster Charles Fitch dated 6 May reports that three men from Varuna were confirmed to have been killed.^[27] Gaines lists the vessel's casualties as three killed and twelve wounded.^[4] One of Varuna's officers, Lieutenant Charles Swasey, attributed the vessel's sinking to its design as a merchant vessel, which Swasey considered to be inadequate for a warship.^[28] Governor Moore in turn was scuttled not long after her victory over Varuna;^[29] over three-quarters of her crew had been killed or wounded.^[18]

By mid-morning, Farragut had 13 of his ships upriver past the forts. Most of the Confederate ships present had been sunk, and the two forts surrendered on 28 April, after their garrisons mutinied. After neutralizing Confederate defenses at Chalmette on 25 April, the Union vessels entered New Orleans. The fall of the city was a major defeat for the Confederates.^[30] The DANFS states that Varuna "contributed greatly" to the Union victory, and George Henry Boker wrote a poem commemorating the vessel.^[2] Her wreck was partially visible in 1885, and a 1981 expedition led by Clive Cussler located a signal with a gradiometer near where she is believed to have sunk.^[4]

• Browning, Robert M. (2015). Lincoln's Trident: The West Gulf Blockading Squadron During the Civil War. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1846-8.
• Calore, Paul (2002). Naval Campaigns of the Civil War. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-1217-4.
• Chatelain, Neil P. (2020). Defending the Arteries of Rebellion: Confederate Naval Operations in the Mississippi River Valley, 1861–1865. El Dorado Hills, California: Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-61121-510-6.
• Gaines, W. Craig (2008). Encyclopedia of Civil War Shipwrecks. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-3274-6.
• Hearn, Chester G. (1995). The Capture of New Orleans 1862. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1945-8.
• Luraghi, Raimondo (1996). A History of the Confederate Navy. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-527-9.
• McPherson, James M. (2012). War on the Waters: The Union & Confederate Navies, 1861–1865. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3588-3.
• Silverstone, Paul H. (1989). Warships of the Civil War Navies. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-783-6.
• Winters, John D. (1991) [1963]. The Civil War in Louisiana. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1725-0.

• Boggs, Charles S. (1904). "Report of Commander Boggs, U. S. Navy, Commanding U. S. S. Varuna". In Stewart, Charles W. (ed.). Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion. 1. Vol. 18. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 210–211. OCLC 427057.
• Fitch, Charles T. (1904). "Report of Acting Assistant Paymaster Fitch, U. S. Navy, of the U. S. S. Varuna". In Stewart, Charles W. (ed.). Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion. 1. Vol. 18. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 214–215. OCLC 427057.
• Kennon, Beverly (1904). "Report of Commander Beverly Kennon, Late Commanding the State of Louisiana Gunboat Governor Moore, Date May 4, 1862". In Stewart, Charles W. (ed.). Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion. 1. Vol. 18. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 304–309. OCLC 427057.
• Swasey, Charles H. (1904). "Report of Lieutenant Swasey, U. S. Navy, Executive Office of the U. S. S. Varuna". In Stewart, Charles W. (ed.). Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion. 1. Vol. 18. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 212–214. OCLC 427057.

• Poetry Lyrical, Narrative, and Satricial of the Civil War, Boker's poem about Varuna is on pages 114 and 115