Tokugawa Yoshinobu

In this Japanese name, the surname is Tokugawa.
Junior First Rank
Prince
Tokugawa Yoshinobu
德川 慶喜
Tokugawa in 1867
Member of the House of Peers
Tenure3 June 1902 – 8 December 1910
Born(1837-10-28)28 October 1837
Edo, Tokugawa Shogunate
Died22 November 1913(1913-11-22) (aged 76)
Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan
Burial
Yanaka Cemetery
SpouseIchijo Mikako [jp]
HouseTokugawa clan
FatherTokugawa Nariaki
MotherArisugawa Yoshiko
SignatureJunior First Rank Prince Tokugawa Yoshinobu 德川 慶喜's signature
Shōgun
In office
29 August 1866 – 19 November 1867
Monarchs
Preceded byTokugawa Iemochi
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Itō Hirobumi (as Prime Minister of Japan)

Prince Tokugawa Yoshinobu (德川 慶喜, also known as Keiki; 28 October 1837 – 22 November 1913) was the 15th and last shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. He was part of a movement which aimed to reform the aging shogunate, but was ultimately unsuccessful. He resigned his position as shogun in late 1867, while aiming at keeping some political influence. After these efforts failed following the defeat at the Battle of Toba–Fushimi in early 1868, he went into retirement, and largely avoided the public eye for the rest of his life.

Early life

Tokugawa Yoshinobu was born in Edo as the seventh son of Tokugawa Nariaki, daimyō of Mito. Mito was one of the gosanke, the three branch families of the Tokugawa clan which were eligible to be chosen as shōgun. His birth name was Matsudaira Shichirōmaro (松平七郎麻呂)[1] His mother, Princess Arisugawa Yoshiko, was a member of the Arisugawa-no-miya, a cadet branch of the imperial family; through her, he was a third cousin (once removed) of the then-Emperor Ninkō. Shichirōmaro was brought up under strict, spartan supervision and tutelage.[2] His father Nariaki followed the example of the second Mito daimyo, Tokugawa Mitsukuni (1661-1690), who had sent all his sons after the firstborn to be raised in Mito. Shichirōmaro was seven months old when he arrived in Mito in 1838. He was taught in the literary and martial arts, as well as receiving a solid education in the principles of politics and government at Kōdōkan.[3]

Yoshinobu in ceremonial dress

At the instigation of his father, Shichirōmaro was adopted by the Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family in order to have a better chance of succeeding to the shogunate[4] and changed his first name to Akimune (昭致). He became family head in 1847, coming of age that year, receiving court rank and title, and taking the name Yoshinobu.[5] Upon the death of the 13th shōgun, Iesada, in 1858, Yoshinobu was nominated as a potential successor.[6] His supporters touted his skill and efficiency in managing family affairs. However, the opposing faction, led by Ii Naosuke, won out. Their candidate, the young Tokugawa Yoshitomi, was chosen, and became the 14th shōgun Iemochi.[7] Soon after, during the Ansei Purge, Yoshinobu and others who supported him were placed under house arrest.[8] Yoshinobu himself was made to retire from Hitotsubashi headship.

The period of Ii's domination of the Tokugawa government was marked by mismanagement and political infighting. Upon Ii's assassination in 1860, Yoshinobu was reinstated as Hitotsubashi family head, and was nominated in 1862 to be the shōgun's guardian (将軍後見職, shōgun kōken-shoku), receiving the position soon afterwards.[9] At the same time, his two closest allies, Matsudaira Yoshinaga and Matsudaira Katamori, were appointed to other high positions: Yoshinaga as chief of political affairs (政治総裁職, seiji sōsai shoku),[10] Katamori as Guardian of Kyoto (京都守護職, Kyoto Shugoshoku).[11] The three men then took numerous steps to quell political unrest in the Kyoto area, and gathered allies to counter the activities of the rebellious Chōshū Domain. They were instrumental figures in the kōbu gattai political party, which sought a reconciliation between the shogunate and the imperial court.[12]

In 1864, Yoshinobu, as commander of the imperial palace's defense, defeated the Chōshū forces in their attempt to capture the imperial palace's Hamaguri Gate (蛤御門, Hamaguri-Gomon) in what is called the Kinmon Incident. This was achieved by use of the forces of the Aizu–Satsuma coalition.[13]

Shōgun (1866–1867)

Members of the French military mission to Japan, invited by Tokugawa Yoshinobu for the modernization of his forces, in 1867

After the death of Tokugawa Iemochi in 1866, Yoshinobu was chosen to succeed him, and became the 15th shōgun.[14] He was the only Tokugawa shōgun to spend his entire tenure outside of Edo: he never set foot in Edo Castle as shōgun.[15] Immediately upon Yoshinobu's ascension as shōgun, major changes were initiated. A massive government overhaul was undertaken to initiate reforms that would strengthen the Tokugawa government. In particular, assistance from the Second French Empire was organized, with the construction of the Yokosuka arsenal under Léonce Verny, and the dispatch of a French military mission to modernize the armies of the bakufu.[16]

The national army and navy, which had already been formed under Tokugawa command, were strengthened by the assistance of the Russians, and the Tracey Mission provided by the British Royal Navy. Equipment was also purchased from the United States.[17] The outlook among many was that the Tokugawa Shogunate was gaining ground towards renewed strength and power; however, it fell in less than a year.

Boshin War (1868–69)

Main article: Boshin War

Fearing the renewed strengthening of the Tokugawa shogunate under a strong and wise ruler, samurai from Satsuma, Chōshū and Tosa formed an alliance to counter it. Under the banner of sonnō jōi ("revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians!") coupled with a fear of the new shōgun as the "Rebirth of Ieyasu" (家康の再来) who would continue to usurp the power of the Emperor, they worked to bring about an end to the shogunate, though they varied in their approaches. In particular, Tosa was more moderate; it proposed a compromise whereby Yoshinobu would resign as shōgun, but preside over a new national governing council composed of various daimyōs. To this end, Yamanouchi Toyonori, the lord of Tosa, together with his advisor, Gotō Shōjirō, petitioned Yoshinobu to resign in order to make this possible.[18]

On 9 November 1867, Yoshinobu tendered his resignation to the Emperor and formally stepped down ten days later, returning governing power to the Emperor.[19] He then withdrew from Kyoto to Osaka. However, Satsuma and Chōshū, while supportive of a governing council of daimyōs, were opposed to Yoshinobu's leading it.[18] They secretly obtained an imperial edict[18] calling for the use of force against Yoshinobu (later shown to be a forgery)[20] and moved a massive number of Satsuma and Chōshū troops into Kyoto.[21] There was a meeting called at the imperial court, where Yoshinobu was stripped of all titles and land,[22] despite having taken no action that could be construed as aggressive or criminal. Any who would have opposed this were not included in the meeting.[21] Yoshinobu opposed this action, and composed a message of protest, to be delivered to the imperial court;[23] at the urging of the leaders of Aizu, Kuwana, and other domains, and in light of the immense number of Satsuma and Chōshū troops in Kyoto, he dispatched a large body of troops to convey this message to the court.[24]

When the Tokugawa forces arrived outside Kyoto, they were refused entry, and were attacked by Satsuma and Chōshū troops, starting the Battle of Toba–Fushimi, the first clash of the Boshin War.[25] Though the Tokugawa forces had a distinct advantage in numbers, Yoshinobu abandoned his army in the midst of the fight once he realized the Satsuma and Chōshū forces raised the Imperial banner, and escaped to Edo.[26] He placed himself under voluntary confinement, and indicated his submission to the imperial court. However, a peace agreement was reached wherein Tayasu Kamenosuke, the young head of a branch of the Tokugawa family, was adopted and made Tokugawa family head;[27] On 11 April 1868, Edo Castle was handed over to the imperial army,[28][29] and the city spared from all-out war.

Together with Kamenosuke (who took the name Tokugawa Iesato), Yoshinobu moved to Shizuoka. Tokugawa Ieyasu, founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate, had also retired to Shizuoka, centuries earlier. Iesato was made the daimyō of the new Shizuoka Domain, but lost this title a few years later, when the domains were abolished. Even after losing his position as ruling shogun, Yoshinobu strove to promote his son Iesato's political career so that he could attain the highest level of influence in the Japanese Imperial court, and also serve as a bridge between old world Japan and modern emerging Japan both domestically and internationally. The close relationship between father and son is highlighted in the illustrated biography on Prince Tokugawa Iesato titled The Art of Peace.[30]

Tokugawa Yoshinobu in court uniform

Many of the hatamoto also relocated to Shizuoka; a large proportion of them did not find adequate means to support themselves. As a result, many of them resented Yoshinobu, some of them to the point of wanting him dead.[31] Yoshinobu was aware of this, and was so afraid of assassination that he redesigned his sleeping arrangement to confuse any potential assassin.[32]

Later life

Kyudo was one of his elaborate hobbies, and it is said that he continued to draw a bow every day until the spring of his 77th year.

Living a life in quiet retirement, Yoshinobu indulged in many hobbies, including oil painting, kyudo (archery), hunting, photography, and cycling.[33] Some of Yoshinobu's photographs have been published in recent years by his great-grandson, Yoshitomo.[34] His other great-grandson, Yasuhisa Tokugawa of the Mito line, is the former Chief Priest at Yasukuni Shrine and current Kaicho of the Kokusai Budoin (IMAF).

On 3 June 1902, the Emperor Meiji allowed him to re-establish his own house as a Tokugawa branch (bekke) with the highest rank in the peerage, that of prince (kōshaku), for his loyal service to Japan.[35] He took a seat in the House of Peers, and resigned in 1910. Tokugawa Yoshinobu died on 21 November 1913 at 16:10 and is buried in Yanaka Cemetery, Tokyo.

On 9 January 1896, his ninth daughter Tsuneko Tokugawa (1882–1939) married Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu, a second cousin to both Emperor Hirohito and Empress Kōjun and nephew of Prince Kan'in Kotohito.

On 26 December 1911, his granddaughter Kikuko Tokugawa was born. She married Prince Takamatsu, the brother of Emperor Hirohito, to become Princess Takamatsu.

Portrait of Tokugawa Yoshinobu in his later years

Honors

  • Prince (3 June 1902)
  • Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (30 April 1908)[36]
  • Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers (22 November 1913; posthumous)

Order of precedence

  • Third rank (first day, 12th month of the fourth year of Koka (1847))
  • Second rank (10th day, 12th month of the first year of Keio (1865))
  • Senior second rank (fifth day, 12th month of the second year of Keio (1866); degraded 28th day, ninth month of the second year of Meiji (1869))
  • Fourth rank (appointed 6 January 1872, following degradation in 1869)
  • Senior second rank (18 May 1880, restored)
  • Junior first rank (20 June 1888)

Eras of Yoshinobu's bakufu

The years in which Yoshinobu was shōgun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.

Family

  • Father: Tokugawa Nariaki
  • Mother: Arisugawa Yoshiko (1804–1893)
  • Wife: Ichijo Mikako [jp] (1835–1894)
  • Concubines:
  • Children:
    • Kyokoin Tonoike Mizukage Gendaidōjō (1858-1858) by Mikako
    • Akiko (1862-1862) by Mikako
    • Sumiko (1863-1927) by Mikako
    • unknown daughter by Mikako
    • Genji (1871–1872) by Nobu
    • Kaito (1871–1872) by Sachi
    • Takuma (1873–1873) by Sachi
    • Tokugawa Kyoko (1873–1893) married Tokugawa Satotaka (1856–1941) by Nobu
    • Tokugawa Atsushi [jp] (1874–1930) by Sachi
    • Kaneko (1875–1875) by Sachi
    • Tokugawa Tetsuko (1875–1921) married Tokugawa Satomichi by Nobu
    • Hachisuka Fudeko [jp] (1876–1907) married Hachisuka Masaaki by Sachi
    • Ikeda Nakahiro (1877–1948) inherited Tottori Domain by Nobu
    • Hitoshi (1878–1878) by Nobu
    • Yoshiko (1878–1878) by Sachi
    • Ryōko (1880–1880) by Nobu
    • Namiko (1880–1954) by Sachi, married Matsudaira Hitoshi, son of Matsudaira Naritami
    • Kuniko (1882–1942) by Sachi, married Okouchi Kiko
    • Tokugawa Tsuneko (1882–1939) by Nobu, married Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu
    • Itoko (1883–1953) by Sachi, married Shijo Ryuai
    • stillborn boy (1884–1884) by Sachi
    • Tokugawa Yoshihisa (1884–1922) by Nobu
    • Yasushi (1885–1886) by Sachi
    • Tokugawa Eiko (1887–1924) married Tokugawa Satotaka
    • Tokugawa Makoto [jp] (1887–1968) by Sachi
    • Katsu Kuwashi (1888–1932) by Nobu
    • Yoshiko (1891-1891) by Sachi
  • Adopted Children:
    • Tokugawa Iesato (1863-1940) adopted son, who became 16th head of the Tokugawa Clan, after the end of the Shogunate dynasty.

His grandson Tokugawa Hiromi graduated as part of the 65th Class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in March 1938.[citation needed] On 12 July 1943, he was killed in action during World War II when the submarine Ro-101 he was deployed on was fired on by the destroyer USS Taylor in Indispensable Strait near Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.[citation needed] Shrapnel cut down Tokugawa and two enlisted lookouts, but the submarine was able to dive and escape. Tokugawa was posthumously promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Commander.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Takano, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, p. 26. Sons of the lord of Mito did not bear the name Tokugawa unless they themselves became the next lord.
  2. ^ Tokugawa, Tokugawa yonbyakunen no naishobanashi, pp. 138–140.
  3. ^ Takano, p. 28.
  4. ^ Takano, p. 38.
  5. ^ Takano, p. 48.
  6. ^ Borton, Japan's Modern Century, p. 40.
  7. ^ Borton, pp. 39–40.
  8. ^ Takano, pp. 12–13.
  9. ^ Murray, Japan, p. 362; Kobiyama, Matsudaira Katamori no shōgai, p. 75; Bolitho, Collapse of the Tokugawa Bakufu, p. 9.
  10. ^ Kobiyama, p. 75.
  11. ^ Takano, pp. 132–133.
  12. ^ Kobiyama, pp. 84–87; Totman, p. 45; Takano, p. 20.
  13. ^ See Japan 1853–1864, Or, Genji Yume Monogatari, trans. by Ernest Mason Satow. (Tokyo: Naigai Shuppan Kyokai), for more.
  14. ^ Borton, p. 63.
  15. ^ Tokugawa, Tokugawa yonbyakunen no naishobanashi, vol. 2, p. 162.
  16. ^ Sims, French Policy Towards the Bakufu and Meiji Japan, 1854–95, p. 236.
  17. ^ Treat, Japan and the United States: 1853–1921, p. 89
  18. ^ a b c Beasley, The History of Modern Japan, p. 96.
  19. ^ Takano, p. 256.
  20. ^ Yamakawa, Aizu Boshin Senshi, pp. 7–9.
  21. ^ a b Beasley, p. 97.
  22. ^ Beasley, p. 97; Yamakawa, Aizu Boshin Senshi, p. 148–151.
  23. ^ Totman, p. 416. For a copy of the original text of the message, see Yamakawa, pp. 89–90.
  24. ^ Totman, p. 417.
  25. ^ Sasaki, pp. 23–24; Bolitho, pp. 420–422.
  26. ^ Kobiyama, p. 124.
  27. ^ Griffis, The Mikado: Institution and Person, p. 141.
  28. ^ Takano, p. 267.
  29. ^ Tokyo, an administrative perspective. Tokyo Metropolitan Government. 1958. p. 21. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
  30. ^ "Introduction to The Art of Peace: the illustrated biography of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa". TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com. 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-08-05.
  31. ^ Tokugawa Munefusa, Tokugawa yonbyakunen no naisho banashi, vol. 1, p. 131
  32. ^ Tokugawa, pp. 131–133
  33. ^ Tokugawa, pp. 136–138.
  34. ^ For an example of Yoshinobu's photography, see: Tokugawa Yoshitomo, Tokugawa Yoshinobu-ke e yōkoso, p. 73.
  35. ^ Takano, p. 273.
  36. ^ Ibaraki Prefecture e-newsletter Archived 2007-12-02 at the Wayback Machine

References

  • Beasley, William G. (1963). The modern history of Japan. (New York: Praeger).
  • Borton, Hugh (1955). Japan's Modern Century. (New York: The Ronald Press Company).
  • Griffis, William Elliot. (1915). The Mikado: Institution and Person. (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
  • Kobiyama Rokurō (2003). Matsudaira Katamori no shōgai. (Tokyo: Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha).
  • Murray, David (1905). Japan. (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons).
  • Sasaki Suguru (1977). Boshin sensō. (Tokyo: Chūōkōron-shinsha).
  • Sims, Richard L. (1998). French Policy Towards the Bakufu and Meiji Japan, 1854–95. (London: Routledge).
  • Takano Kiyoshi 高野澄 (1997). Tokugawa Yoshinobu: kindai Nihon no enshutsusha 德川慶喜 : 近代日本の演出者. (Tokyo: Nihon Hōsō Shuppan Kyōkai 日本放送出版協会).
  • Tokugawa Munefusa 徳川宗英 (2004). Tokugawa Yonhyaku-nen no naisho-banashi 徳川四百年の内緒話 Vol. 1. (Tokyo: Bungei-shunju).
  • Tokugawa Munefusa 徳川宗英 (2004). Tokugawa Yonhyaku-nen no naisho-banashi 徳川四百年の内緒話 Vol. 2: Raibaru tekishō hen. (Tokyo: Bungei-shunju).
  • Tokugawa Yoshitomo 徳川慶朝 (2003). Tokugawa Yoshinobu-ke ni Yōkoso: Wagaya ni tsutawaru aisubeki "Saigo no Shogun" no Yokogao 徳川慶喜家にようこそ わが家に伝わる愛すべき「最後の将軍」の横顔. (Tokyo: Bungei-shunju). ISBN 4-16-765680-9
  • Totman, Conrad (1980). The Collapse of the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1862–1868. (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press)
  • Treat, Payson J. (1921). Japan and the United States: 1853–1921. (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company).
  • Yamakawa Kenjirō (1933). Aizu Boshin Senshi. (Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai).

Further reading

  • Matsuura Rei 松浦玲 (1975). Tokugawa Yoshinobu: shōgun-ke no Meiji-ishin 德川慶喜 : 将軍家の明治維新. (Tokyo: Chūōkōronsha 中央公論社).
  • Satow, Ernest Mason, trans. (1905). Japan 1853–1864, Or, Genji Yume Monogatari. (Tokyo: Naigai Shuppan Kyokai).
  • Shibusawa Eiichi 渋沢栄一, ed. (1967–1968) Tokugawa Yoshinobu-kō den 德川慶喜公伝. (Tokyo: Heibonsha 平凡社).

Works of fiction

  • Shiba, Ryōtarō (1998). The Last Shogun: The Life of Tokugawa Yoshinobu, trans. Juliet Winters Carpenter. (New York: Kodansha International). ISBN 1-56836-246-3
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tokugawa Yoshinobu.
Military offices
Preceded by Sei-i Taishōgun
August 29, 1866 – January 3, 1868 		Shogunate abolished
Preceded by — TITULAR —
Sei-i Taishōgun
January 3, 1868 – June 19, 1868
Reason for succession failure:
Shogunate abolished 		Succeeded by

Read other articles:

Kolazhy Grama Panchayat

Grama Panchayat in Kerala, IndiaKolazhy Grama Panchayat Kolazhy GPGrama PanchayatKolazhy Pooram festivalCoordinates: 10°35′06″N 76°12′56″E / 10.585016°N 76.215475°E / 10.585016; 76.215475CountryIndiaStateKeralaDistrictThrissurTalukThrissurBlockPuzhakkal Block PanchayatLok Sabha ConstituencyAlathur (Constituency #9)നിയമസഭ (Niyamasabha) (or Vidhan Sabha or Legislative Assembly) ConstituencyWadakkanchery (Constituency #65)Government • ...

 

Luc Mathieu

Cet article est une ébauche concernant un journaliste français. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Mathieu. Luc MathieuBiographieNaissance Juin 1974 (49 ans)Saint-SaulveNationalité françaiseActivités Journaliste, reporter ou reportriceRédacteur à LibérationAutres informationsA travaillé pour Libération (depuis 2011)Distinction Prix Albert-Londres de l...

 

IEEE 802.1ad

Ethernet networking standard Not to be confused with IEEE 802.3ad, IEEE 802.11ad, or IEEE 802.11ac. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: IEEE 802.1ad – news · new...

Hurdy-gurdy

Hurdy-gurdyNama lainWheel fiddle, wheel vielle, vielle à roue, zanfona, draailier, ghirondaKlasifikasi Alat musik dawaiHornbostel–Sachs321.322-72(Composite chordophone sounded by rosined wheel)Rentangan permainan Alat musik terkait Drejelire Nyckelharpa Bowed clavier Vielle organisée/Lira organizzata Viola organista Sound sample of a hurdy-gurdy Bermasalah memainkan berkas ini? Lihat bantuan media. Hurdy-gurdy adalah instrumen alat musik dawai mekanis yang menghasilkan suara dengan memuta...

 

Siu Lek Yuen

Siu Lek Yuen Nullah with Kwong Yuen Estate in the background in April 2008. Siu Lek Yuen in November 2016 Siu Lek Yuen Village. Siu Lek Yuen (Chinese: 小瀝源) is an area in Sha Tin District, New Territories East. Located to the east of Yuen Chau Kok, the area is surrounded on three sides by the Ma On Shan Country Park. Nowadays it is a residential area. Name The name means the origin of small river in Chinese. It is so named because the area situated originally between two rivers.[...

 

Angels in the Outfield (1951 film)

1951 American comedy film This article is about the original film. For the 1994 remake, see Angels in the Outfield (1994 film). Angels in the OutfieldTheatrical release posterDirected byClarence BrownScreenplay by Dorothy Kingsley George Wells Story byRichard ConlinProduced byClarence BrownStarring Paul Douglas Janet Leigh CinematographyPaul C. VogelEdited byRobert J. KernMusic byDaniele AmfitheatrofProductioncompanies Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Loew's Incorporated Distributed byLoew's, Inc.Release ...

Sylvester C. Smith

American politician This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sylvester C. SmithMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom California's 8th districtIn officeMarch 4, 1905 – January 26, 1913Preceded byMilton J. DanielsSucceeded byEveris ...

 

Северный морской котик

Северный морской котик Самец Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:Синапси...

 

Maria of Navarre

Not to be confused with Marie of Évreux, Duchess of Brabant. Queen consort of Aragon Maria of NavarreThe seal of Queen MariaQueen consort of AragonTenure1338–1347Born1329Died29 April 1347 (aged 18)SpousePeter IV of AragonIssueConstance, Queen of SicilyJoanna, Countess of AmpuriasHouseÉvreuxFatherPhilip III of NavarreMotherJoan II of Navarre Maria of Navarre (French: Marie d'Évreux; 1329 – 29 April 1347) was Queen of Aragon from 1338 until her death as the first of four wives of Peter I...

Chocolate City (film)

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Chocolate CitySutradaraJean-Claude La MarreProduserRobert AaronsonJessie L. LevostreMichael MendelsohnMelanie LevostreEurika PrattsJim SteeleDitulis olehJean-Claude La MarrePemeran Robert Ri'chard Tyson Beckford DeRay Davis Imani Hakim Darren Dewitt H...

 

Sciacca

For the Sciacca Mafia crime family in the United States, see Paul Sciacca. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Sciacca – news · newspapers · books · ...

 

Andhaka

Demigod in Hinduism AndhakaShiva slays Andhaka, c. 1590, Akbar's translation of HarivamsaAffiliationAsuraGenderMalePersonal informationParentsHiraṇyākṣa (father; or adoptive father in some Puranas) Shiva and Parvati (parents; in some Puranas)ChildrenAdi[1] In Hindu literature, Andhaka (Sanskrit: अन्धक, IAST: Andhaka; lit. He who darkens) refers to a malevolent asura, whose pride is vanquished by Shiva and Parvati.[2] His story finds mention in various Hindu text...

Doug Anthony

Australian politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Australia The Right HonourableDoug AnthonyAC CH FTSE PCDeputy Prime Minister of AustraliaIn office5 February 1971 – 5 December 1972Prime MinisterJohn GortonWilliam McMahonPreceded byJohn McEwenSucceeded byLance BarnardIn office12 November 1975 – 11 March 1983Prime MinisterMalcolm FraserPreceded byFrank CreanSucceeded byLionel BowenLeader of the National Party[a]In office2 February 1971 – 17 Januar...

 

أردبيل

أردبيل  - مدينة -  أردبيل اللقب دارالارشاد، دارالملك، دارالعرفان، دارالامان و شهر مقدس تاريخ التأسيس 705 (منذ 1319 سنة) تقسيم إداري البلد إيران  [1][2] عاصمة لـ محافظة أردبيلمقاطعة أردبيل  بلد إيران محافظة محافظة أردبيل خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 38°15′00″N 48°17...

 

قصر البارون إمبان

قصر البارون إمبانمعلومات عامةنوع المبنى قصرالمكان حي مصر الجديدة، القاهرةالمنطقة الإدارية محافظة القاهرة البلد  مصربني بطلب من البارون إمبان المالك البارون إمبان أبرز الأحداثالافتتاح الرسمي 1911 التفاصيل التقنيةالطوابق 2 التصميم والإنشاءالنمط المعماري Heliopolis style (en) ال...

Sailing at the 2008 Summer Olympics

Sailing at the Olympics Sailingat the Games of the XXIX OlympiadVenuesQingdao International Sailing CentreDatesFirst race: 9 August 2008 (2008-08-09)Last race: 21 August 2008 (2008-08-21)Competitors400 (261 male, 139 female) from 62 nationsBoats272← 20042012 → Sailing at the2008 Summer OlympicsRS:XmenwomenLaser RadialwomenLasermenFinnopen470menwomen49eropenTornadoopenYnglingwomenStarmenvte Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport start...

 

Greccio

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une localité italienne et le Latium. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Greccio Sanctuaire et couvent de la crèche, à Greccio. Administration Pays Italie Région Latium  Province Rieti  Code postal 02040 Code ISTAT 057031 Code cadastral E160 Préfixe tel. 0746 Démographie Gentilé grecciani Population 1 549 hab. (31-08-2017[1]) Densité...

 

List of peace prizes

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: List of peace prizes – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This list of peace prizes is an index to articles on notable prizes awarded for contributions towards achieving or maintaining peace....

Daging buaya

Ekor buaya goreng rendam di sebuah rumah makan di Texas Daging buaya adalah daging dari buaya yang dikonsumsi.[1][2] Daging buaya dipakai sejak zaman dulu dalam berbagai hidangan Amerika Serikat Selatan, dan masih bertahan hingga kini. Telur buaya juga dikonsumsi. Daging buaya berprotein tinggi dan rendah lemak. Referensi ^ IFIS Dictionary of Food Science and Technology – International Food Information Service. 2009-05-26. ISBN 9781405187404. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-13....

 

So So Def Recordings

US record label Record label So So Def RecordingsParent company Sony (1993–2003; 2009–present) BMG (2003-2005) EMI (2005–2007) Universal (2007–2009) Founded1993; 31 years ago (1993)Distributor(s) Columbia (1993–2003) Arista (2003–2005) Virgin (2005–2007) Island Def Jam (2007–2009) Malaco (2009–2016) Epic (2016–present) GenreHip hopR&BCountry of originUnited StatesLocationAtlanta, Georgia, U.S. So So Def Recordings is an American record label based in ...