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Tityridae
	Chestnut-crowned becard
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Parvorder:	Tyrannida
Family:	Tityridae; Gray, GR, 1840
Genera
	See text

Tityridae phylogeny

Tityridae

Oxyruncinae

Oxyruncus

Onychorhynchus

	Myiobius

	Terenotriccus

Tityrinae

Schiffornis

	Laniisoma

	Laniocera

Iodopleura

Tityra

	Xenopsaris

	Pachyramphus

Cladogram of the genera in Tityridae based on the results of Tello and colleagues published in 2009.^[1]

Tityridae is family of suboscine passerine birds found in forest and woodland in the Neotropics. The 45 species in this family were formerly spread over the families Tyrannidae, Pipridae and Cotingidae (see Taxonomy). As yet, no widely accepted common name exists for the family, although tityras and allies and tityras, mourners and allies have been used. They are small to medium-sized birds. Under current classification, the family ranges in size from the buff-throated purpletuft, at 9.5 cm (3.7 in) and 10 grams (0.35 ounces), to the masked tityra, at up to 24 cm (9.5 in) and 88 grams (3.1 ounces).^[2]^[3] Most have relatively short tails and large heads.

Taxonomy and systematics

The family Tityridae (as the subfamily Tityrinae) containing the genera Tityra and Pachyramphus was introduced by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1840.^[4]^[5]

Traditionally, the genus Laniocera was included in the family Tyrannidae, the genera Iodopleura, Laniisoma, Tityra, Pachyramphus and Xenopsaris were included in the family Cotingidae, and Schiffornis was included in the family Pipridae. Three of these genera, Tityra, Pachyramphus and Xenopsaris, were later moved to Tyrannidae based on the morphology of their skull and syrinx.^[6]

The existence of the family Tityridae (although simply treated as a clade) was first proposed in 1989 based on the morphology of several syringeal and skeletal features.^[7] The existence of this family has later been confirmed by multiple studies involving both mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] Evidence suggests there are two basal clades within this family, the first including the genera Schiffornis, Laniocera, and Laniisoma (with strong bootstrap support), and the second include Iodopleura, Tityra, Xenopsaris, and Pachyramphus (with poor bootstrap support).^[13]

A molecular phylogenetic study of passerine families published in 2019 sampled species from five genera in Tityridae. The resulting tree indicates that if the family Tityridae is defined to include the genera Oxyruncus, Myiobius and Onychorhynchus then it becomes paraphyletic: a clade containing the genera Tityra and Schiffornis is basal to a clade that contains the genera Oxyruncus, Myiobius, Onychorhynchus and the family Tyrannidae.^[14]

Species

The family contains 46 species divided into 11 genera:^[15]

Image	Genus	Living Species
	Oxyruncus Temminck, 1820	Sharpbill (Oxyruncus cristatus)
	Onychorhynchus Fischer von Waldheim, 1810	Amazonian royal flycatcher (Onychorhynchus coronatus) Northern royal flycatcher (Onychorhynchus mexicanus) Pacific royal flycatcher (Onychorhynchus occidentalis) Atlantic royal flycatcher (Onychorhynchus swainsoni)
	Myiobius Gray, GR, 1839	Tawny-breasted myiobius (Myiobius villosus) Sulphur-rumped myiobius (Myiobius sulphureipygius) Whiskered myiobius (Myiobius barbatus) Black-tailed myiobius (Myiobius atricaudus)
	Terenotriccus Ridgway, 1905	Ruddy-tailed flycatcher (Terenotriccus erythrurus)
	Tityra Vieillot, 1816	Black-crowned tityra (Tityra inquisitor) Black-tailed tityra (Tityra cayana) Masked tityra (Tityra semifasciata)
	Schiffornis Bonaparte, 1854	Varzea schiffornis (Schiffornis major); alternatively Várzea Mourner Brown-winged schiffornis (Schiffornis turdina) Russet-winged schiffornis (Schiffornis stenorhyncha) Foothill schiffornis (Schiffornis aenea) Northern schiffornis (Schiffornis veraepacis) Guianan schiffornis (Schiffornis olivacea) Greenish schiffornis (Schiffornis virescens); alternatively Greenish Mourner
	Laniocera Lesson, 1841	Speckled mourner (Laniocera rufescens) Cinereous mourner (Laniocera hypopyrra)
	Iodopleura Lesson, 1839	White-browed purpletuft (Iodopleura isabellae) Dusky purpletuft (Iodopleura fusca) Buff-throated purpletuft (Iodopleura pipra)
	Laniisoma Swainson, 1832	Brazilian laniisoma (Laniisoma elegans) Andean laniisoma (Laniisoma buckleyi)
	Xenopsaris Ridgway, 1891	White-naped xenopsaris (Xenopsaris albinucha)
	Pachyramphus Gould & G.R. Gray, 1839	Green-backed becard (Pachyramphus viridis) Yellow-cheeked becard (Pachyramphus xanthogenys) Barred becard (Pachyramphus versicolor) Slaty becard (Pachyramphus spodiurus) Cinereous becard (Pachyramphus rufus) Cinnamon becard (Pachyramphus cinnamomeus) Chestnut-crowned becard (Pachyramphus castaneus) White-winged becard (Pachyramphus polychopterus) Black-and-white becard (Pachyramphus albogriseus) Cryptic becard (Pachyramphus salvini) Grey-collared becard (Pachyramphus major) Black-capped becard (Pachyramphus marginatus) Glossy-backed becard (Pachyramphus surinamus) Rose-throated becard (Pachyramphus aglaiae) Jamaican becard (Pachyramphus niger) One-colored becard (Pachyramphus homochrous) Pink-throated becard (Pachyramphus minor) Crested becard (Pachyramphus validus)

References

^ Tello, J.G.; Moyle, R.G.; Marchese, D.J.; Cracraft, J. (2009). "Phylogeny and phylogenetic classification of the tyrant flycatchers, cotingas, manakins, and their allies (Aves: Tyrannides)". Cladistics. 25 (5): 429–467. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00254.x. PMID 34879622. S2CID 85422768.
^ Snow, D.; Sharpe, C.J. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Buff-throated Purpletuft (Iodopleura pipra)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ Mobley, J.; de Juana, E. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Masked Tityra (Tityra semifasciata)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ Gray, George Robert (1840). A List of the Genera of Birds : with an indication of the typical species of each genus. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 31.
^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). "History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (222). New York: American Museum of Natural History: 149, 237. hdl:2246/830.
^ Ames, P.L. (March 1971). The Morphology of the Syrinx in Passerine Birds (PDF). Peabody Museum Bulletin. Vol. 37. New Haven, Connecticut, USA: Peabody Museum of Natural History. pp. 95–97. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-25.
^ Prum, R.O.; Lanyon, W.E. (1989). "Monophyly and phylogeny of the Schiffornis group (Tyrannoidea)" (PDF). Condor. 91 (2): 444–461. doi:10.2307/1368323. JSTOR 1368323.
^ Ericson, P.G.P.; Zuccon, D.; Johansson, U.S.; Alvarenga, H.; Prum, R.O. (2006). "Higher-level phylogeny and morphological evolution of tyrant flycatchers, cotingas, manakins, and their allies (Aves: Tyrannida)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (2): 471–483. Bibcode:2006MolPE..40..471E. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.031. PMID 16678446.
^ Ohlson, J.I.; Prum, R.O.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2007). "A molecular phylogeny of the cotingas (Aves: Cotingidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 42 (1): 25–37. Bibcode:2007MolPE..42...25O. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.041. PMID 16876441.
^ Chesser, R.T. (2004). "Molecular systematics of New World suboscine birds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32 (1): 11–24. Bibcode:2004MolPE..32...11C. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.015. PMID 15186793.
^ Johansson, U.S.; Irestedt, M.; Parsons, T.J.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2002). "Basal phylogeny of the Tyrannoidea based on comparisons of cytochrome b and exons of nuclear c-myc and RAG-1 genes" (PDF). Auk. 119 (4): 984–995. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0984:BPOTTB]2.0.CO;2.
^ Prum, R.O.; Rice, N.H.; Mobley, J.A.; Dimmick, W.W. (2000). "A preliminary phylogenetic hypothesis for the cotingas (Cotingidae) based on mitochondrial DNA" (PDF). Auk. 117 (1): 236–241. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0236:APPHFT]2.0.CO;2.
^ Barber, B.R.; Rice, N.H. (2007). "Systematics and evolution in the Tityrinae (Passeriformes: Tyrannoidea)". Auk. 124 (4): 1317–1329. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[1317:SAEITT]2.0.CO;2.
^ Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (16): 7916–7925. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.7916O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. PMC 6475423. PMID 30936315.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Cotingas, manakins, tityras & becards". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 9 January 2018.