Timeline of the Northern Yuan

Northern Yuan
See also: Timeline of the Yuan dynasty and Timeline of the Ming dynasty

This is a timeline of the Northern Yuan dynasty.

14th century

Year Date Event
1368 The Yuan dynasty retreats to Karakorum[1]
1380 Ming dynasty sacks Karakorum[1]
1381 December Ming conquest of Yunnan: Ming forces take Qujing[2]
1382 April Ming conquest of Yunnan: Ming forces conquer Yunnan[3]
1387 October Ming campaign against the Uriankhai: Naghachu surrenders to Ming forces[4]
1388 May Battle of Buir Lake: Ming forces defeat Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür[5]
November Jorightu Khan Yesüder defeats Uskhal Khan and became the Khagan of Forty-four tumun Mongols[6]
1399 The Four Oirats break away from Mongol Khagan[7]

15th century

Year Date Event
1408 Öljei Temür Khan defeats Örüg Temür Khan and becomes ruler of Mongols[7]
1409 23 September Battle of Kherlen: Ming forces are defeated by Öljei Temür Khan[8]
1410 15 June First Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor defeats Öljei Temür Khan on the banks of the Onon River[8]
July First Mongol Campaign: Ming forces defeat Arughtai east of the Greater Khingan and withdraw to Nanjing[8]
1414 April Second Mongol Campaign: Ming forces engage Oirats at the Tuul River, suffering heavy casualties, but ultimately prevail through the use of heavy cannon bombardments[9]
1422 April Third Mongol Campaign: Ming forces are dispatched against Arughtai but fail to engage him in combat and return to Beijing[9]
1423 August Fourth Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor launches an offensive against Arughtai only to find out he had already been defeated by the Oirats[10]
1424 April Fifth Mongol Campaign: The Yongle Emperor leads an expedition against the remnants of Arughtai's horde but fails to find them[10]
1428 October Uriankhai raid Ming borders and the Xuande Emperor personally leads troops to repel them[11]
1433 The Oirats install Taisun Khan as leader of the Eastern Mongols[7]
1449 July Tumu Crisis: Esen Taishi of the Oirats and de facto ruler of the Northern Yuan launches an invasion of the Ming dynasty[12]
4 August Tumu Crisis: The Zhengtong Emperor departs from Beijing to personally confront Esen Taishi[13]
30 August Tumu Crisis: The Ming rearguard is defeated[14]
1 September Tumu Crisis: The Ming army is annihilated and the Zhengtong Emperor is captured by Esen Taishi[15]
27 October Esen Taishi lays siege to Beijing but fails to take it and withdraws after 5 days[16]
1451 Esen Taishi declares himself Yuan Emperor, which causes widespread dissent among his followers[7]
1454 Esen Taishi is killed and the Northern Yuan is once more split into two portions between the Oirats and Eastern Mongols[17]
1479 Dayan Khan becomes ruler of Northern Yuan[17]
1483 Dayan Khan defeats Ismayil Taishi[17]

16th century

Year Date Event
1504 Datong is raided by Mongols[18]
1510 Dayan Khan conquers the Ordos Loop[19]
1517 16 October Dayan Khan raids the Ming dynasty[20]
20 October The Zhengde Emperor repels Dayan Khan's raiding party[21]
1531 Datong comes under raid by Mongols[22]
1536 Mongols raid Shanxi but are repelled[23]
1537 Mongols raid Datong[23]
1541 October Altan Khan raids Shaanxi[24]
1542 July Altan Khan raids Shaanxi[24]
4 August Ming forces are defeated by Altan Khan at Guangwu[24]
8 August Altan Khan pillages the suburbs of Taiyuan[24]
1548 June Mongols defeat Ming forces at Xuanfu[25]
October Mongols raid Huailai[25]
1549 March Altan Khan defeats Ming forces at Xuanfu but suffers heavy casualties[25]
1550 1 October Altan Khan pillages the suburbs of Beijing[25]
6 October Ming forces are defeated by Mongols[26]
1552 April Ming forces are defeated by Mongols north of Datong[27]
1557 Daraisung Guden Khan is succeeded by his son, Tümen Zasagt Khan[28]
winter Sengge, son of Altan Khan, lays siege to a garrison near Datong[29]
1566 Altan Khan captures some lamas in a raid[30]
1576 Buddhism becomes the state religion of Northern Yuan[31]
1577 Altan Khan names Sonam Gyatso the Dalai Lama, the first living person to take the title[31]
1590 The Uriankhai and Yunshebu Tümen disperse, breaking into smaller units called ulus (nations)[32]
1598 Mongols kill Li Rusong, the Ming commander-in-chief[33]

17th century

Year Date Event
1619 Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan attacks Guangning, a horse trading town under the protection of Nurhaci, but is defeated[34]
1625 Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan's attack is turned back by a combined Khorchin Jurchen force[35]
1634 Chahar-Jurchen War: Ligdan Khan is overthrown and displaced by Hong Taiji[36]
1636 Mongols south of the Gobi Desert submit to the Qing dynasty[37]
1691 The Khalkha Mongols submit to the Qing dynasty after being invaded by the Dzungar Khanate[38]
1696 Dzungar–Qing Wars: The Qing dynasty takes all of Mongolia from the Dzungar Khanate[38]

References

  1. ^ a b Adle 2003, p. 209.
  2. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 144.
  3. ^ Mote 2003, p. 557.
  4. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 158.
  5. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 159.
  6. ^ Okada, Hidehiro (1994). "Dayan Khan as a Yüan Emperor: The Political Legitimacy in 15th Century Mongolia". Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient. 81: 51–58. doi:10.3406/befeo.1994.2245. JSTOR 43731760.
  7. ^ a b c d Adle 2003, p. 210.
  8. ^ a b c Twitchett 1998, p. 226.
  9. ^ a b Twitchett 1998, p. 227.
  10. ^ a b Twitchett 1998, p. 228.
  11. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 299.
  12. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 322.
  13. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 323.
  14. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 324.
  15. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 325.
  16. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 328.
  17. ^ a b c Adle 2003, p. 211.
  18. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 371.
  19. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 467.
  20. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 420.
  21. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 421.
  22. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 468.
  23. ^ a b Twitchett 1998, p. 472.
  24. ^ a b c d Twitchett 1998, p. 473.
  25. ^ a b c d Twitchett 1998, p. 475.
  26. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 476.
  27. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 477.
  28. ^ Narangoa 2014, p. 17.
  29. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 478.
  30. ^ Adle 2003, p. 213.
  31. ^ a b Adle 2003, p. 214.
  32. ^ Narangoa 2014, p. 16.
  33. ^ Twitchett 1998, p. 557.
  34. ^ Narangoa 2014, p. 30.
  35. ^ Narangoa 2014, p. 34.
  36. ^ Crossley 1997, p. 77.
  37. ^ Adle 2003, p. 146.
  38. ^ a b Adle 2003, p. 219.

Bibliography

  • Adle, Chahryar (2003), History of Civilizations of Central Asia 5, UNESCO Publishing
  • Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1997), The Manchus, Blackwell Publishers Ltd
  • Mote, F. W. (2003), Imperial China: 900–1800, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674012127
  • Narangoa, Li (2014), Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590-2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231160704
  • Twitchett, Denis (1998), The Cambridge History of China Volume 7 The Ming Dynasty, 1368—1644, Part I, Cambridge University Press