Theretairus

Theretairus
Temporal range: Late Jurassic
Illustration of the Theretairus antiquus holotype mandible.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Reptilia
Superorder:
Lepidosauria
Order:
Sphenodontia
Genus:
Theretairus
Type species
†Theretairus antiquus
Simpson, 1926

Theretairus is a Late Jurassic genus of sphenodont reptile from the Morrison Formation of western North America,[1] present in stratigraphic zones 5 and 6.[2]

History and naming

The holotype consists of a right mandible and several in-socket teeth from Quarry 9 at Como Bluff, Wyoming where it was excavated by paleontologist William Harlow Reed, who then was working for Othniel Charles Marsh,[1][3] and it was deposited at the Yale Peabody Museum under YPM VP 13764.[3] The locality comes from strata of the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation, which also bears other sphenodontians Opisthias and Eilenodon.[4][3] It was not named until George Gaylord Simpson described it as a new genus and species in a 1926 paper in the American Journal of Science. The generic name means "mammal companion", due to its association with the jaws of mammals in the Como Bluff quarry, and the specific name means "ancient", due to its old age as a sphenodontian.[3]

Description and classification

The type specimen preserves a very strange morphology, with masseteric fossae in the posterior end similar to those in mammals. The teeth progressively get larger as they get closer to the anterior end, a trait also similar to mammals.[3] Recently, the symphysis and two (perhaps three) enlarged acrodont fangs at the anterior end of the jaw, but separated one from the other to a lesser degree of the type have linked the taxon to the Mexican taxon Sphenovipera. The anterior border of the symphysis is steeply inclined in the holotype of Theretarius, suggesting it is an adult or older individual. Theretarius preserves five fossae along the posterior end of the mandible, making the mandible lighter, a trait only shared with Sphenovipera.[5]

The following is a cladogram of Rhynchocephalia after DeMar et al. 2022.[6]

Younginia capensis

Prolacerta broomi

Lepidosauria
Pan-Squamata
Rhynchocephalia

Gephyrosaurus bridensis

Sphenodontia

Diphydontosaurus avonis

Acrosphenodontia

Planocephalosaurus robinsonae

Rebbanasaurus jaini

Godavarisaurus lateefi

Theretairus antiquus

Eusphenodontia

Polysphenodon mulleri

Opisthiamimus gregori

Clevosauridae
Neosphenodontia

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Foster, J. (2007). "Table 2.1: Fossil Vertebrates of the Morrison Formation." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. pp. 58-59.
  2. ^ Foster, J. (2007). "Appendix." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. pp. 327-329.
  3. ^ a b c d e Simpson, G. G. (1926-07-01). "American terrestrial Rhynchocephalia". American Journal of Science. s5-12 (67): 12–16. Bibcode:1926AmJS...12...12S. doi:10.2475/ajs.s5-12.67.12. ISSN 0002-9599.[permanent dead link‍]
  4. ^ Rasmussen, T. E.; Callison, George (1981). "A New Herbivorous Sphenodontid (Rhynchocephalia: Reptilia) from the Jurassic of Colorado". Journal of Paleontology. 55 (5): 1109–1116. JSTOR 1304536.
  5. ^ Reynoso, Víctor-Hugo (2005-09-30). "Possible evidence of a venom apparatus in a Middle Jurassic Sphenodontian from the Huizachal red beds of Tamaulipas, México". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (3): 646–654. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0646:PEOAVA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 131602253.
  6. ^ DeMar, David G.; Jones, Marc E. H.; Carrano, Matthew T. (2022-12-31). "A nearly complete skeleton of a new eusphenodontian from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA, provides insight into the evolution and diversity of Rhynchocephalia (Reptilia: Lepidosauria)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 20 (1): 1–64. doi:10.1080/14772019.2022.2093139. hdl:2440/136608. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 252325953.


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