There is no alternative

For the 2008 biography of Margaret Thatcher, see There Is No Alternative: Why Margaret Thatcher Matters.
A 1994 Christian Democratic Union poster with the slogan Es gibt keine Alternative ("There is no alternative")
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"There is no alternative" (TINA) is a political slogan originally arguing that liberal capitalism is the only viable system. At the turn of the 21st century the TINA rhetoric became closely tied to neoliberalism, and its traits of liberalization and marketization. Politicians used it to justify policies of fiscal conservatism and austerity.[1]

The slogan is strongly associated with the policies and persona of Margaret Thatcher, the British prime minister and leader of the Conservative Party during the 1980s,[2] and, as German: alternativlos, with Angela Merkel, a Chancellor of Germany (2005-2021).[3]

Researchers of populism generally agree that its growth since the 1990s is the result of political elites accepting certain concepts (like free market) as unalterable truths and the associated disappearance of the political discord (so-called post-politics). This created a virtual "party cartel", where the views of established parties did not differ on policies. Due to growing inequality, part of electorate found itself on the losing end of these policies, but the agency of voting became hollow, as no mainstream parties were able to challenge the consensus.[3] As a result, the political doors swung wide open for the populist newcomers like the aptly named Alternative for Germany[4] or Viktor Orbán's post-2016 version of Fidesz in Hungary.[5]

Political strategy

TINA (as characterized by explicit use of "there is no alternative" and declarations of necessity, inevitability, and irrefutability of certain policies) can be considered a political strategy in both democratic and autocratic regimes. Its rhetoric allows politicians to reduce the scope of available policy choices, limiting the expectations of their electorate and avoiding the blame for bad, but "unescapable" policies.[6]

TINA allows decisions to appear not as a political choice, but as a matter of adherence to universal truth and common sense. Due to the switch from public deliberations to following the expert opinions, debates are shortened, and therefore input of an individual voter is diminished, so TINA is politically paternalistic.[7]

On the negative side, applying TINA might create an impression of politicians' toothlessness, prompting voters to try addressing their grievances outside of the establishment which appears to be not in control and being a hostage to external factors and "disciplinary regimes" of either IMF and World Bank (with their Washington Consensus), or EU Commission.[8]

History of use

19th century

Historically, the phrase may be traced to its emphatic use by the 19th-century classical liberal thinker and Social-Darwinist Herbert Spencer in his Social Statics.[9][non-primary source needed]

Thatcher

In a speech to the Conservative Women's Conference on 21 May 1980, Thatcher appealed to the notion saying, "We have to get our production and our earnings into balance. There's no easy popularity in what we are proposing but it is fundamentally sound. Yet I believe people accept there's no real alternative." Later in the speech, she returned to the theme: "What's the alternative? To go on as we were before? All that leads to is higher spending. And that means more taxes, more borrowing, higher interest rates more inflation, more unemployment."[10]

The slogan was often used by Thatcher.[citation needed][11] The phrase is used to signify Thatcher's claim that the market economy is the best, right and only system that works, and that debate about this is over. One critic characterized the meaning of the slogan as: "Globalised capitalism, so called free markets and free trade were the best ways to build wealth, distribute services and grow a society's economy. Deregulation's good, if not God."[12] By contrast, Thatcher described her support of markets as flowing from a more basic moral argument; specifically, she argued that the market-principle of choice flows from the moral principle that for human behavior to be moral requires free choice by people.[11]

Astrid Séville [de] notes the curious mix of Thatcher's use of neoliberal rhetoric of individual empowerment and the paternalistic tilt of TINA.[7] Although Thatcher became - and remained for many years - a deeply polarizing politician, her legacy in Great Britain carried through both Third Way and New Labour periods, starting a "TINA era".[13]

2010s austerity

Angela Merkel's use of the term alternativlos (literally "alternative-less"; without alternative) in relation to her responses to the European sovereign-debt crisis in 2010 led to the term becoming "un-word of the year".[14]

In 2013, Prime Minister David Cameron resurrected the phrase, stating "If there was another way I would take it. But there is no alternative"—referring to austerity in the United Kingdom.[15] Christine Lagarde, then Managing Director of the IMF, declared in May 2013 that "there is no alternative to austerity", seconded by France's Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault in French: Il n’y a pas d’alternative à la politique menée.[16]

The crisis had exposed a rift between the euro rescue packages and political realities: in 12 out of 15 cases the governments that implemented austerity measures were voted out, Eurosceptic and populist parties enjoyed a quick boost in popularity. In response, Eurozone turned to the "federalism of executive bodies", pushing the decision authority up to the European Commission, forming diverse coalitions united mostly by the pro-Euro stance of parties, squashing referendum proposals.[17] TINA rhetoric was used as a "shielding mechanism" to depoliticize the discourse, yet it backfired spectacularly in Germany with many voters fleeing to Alternative for Germany in an attempt to re-politicize the euro crisis.[18]

Criticism

Opponents of TINA policies used the phrase in a derisory manner. For instance, cabinet minister Norman St John-Stevas, one of the leading "wets", nicknamed Thatcher "Tina", after the acronym TINA.[19] The critic of globalization Susan George coined the opposing slogan "another world is possible" in 2001.[20][21]

See also

References

  1. ^ Séville 2017, p. 450.
  2. ^ Robinson, Nick (7 March 2013). "Economy: There is no alternative (TINA) is back". bbc.com. BBC News. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  3. ^ a b van Eeden 2019, p. 709.
  4. ^ Berbuir, Lewandowsky & Siri 2015.
  5. ^ van Eeden 2019.
  6. ^ Séville 2017, pp. 451–452.
  7. ^ a b Séville 2017, p. 456.
  8. ^ Séville 2017, p. 452.
  9. ^ Spencer, Herbert (1851). Social Statics. John Chapman. pp. 42, 307.
  10. ^ Thatcher, Margaret (21 May 1980). "Speech to Conservative Women's Conference". margaretthatcher.org. Margaret Thatcher Foundation. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  11. ^ a b Berlinski, Claire (8 November 2011). There Is No Alternative: Why Margaret Thatcher Matters (2nd ed.). Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465031214.
  12. ^ Flanders, Laura (12 April 2013). "At Thatcher's Funeral, Bury TINA, Too". The Nation. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  13. ^ Séville 2017, p. 457.
  14. ^ Schlosser, Horst Dieter (18 January 2011). "Zum 20. Mal 'Unwort des Jahres' gewählt" (PDF) (Press release) (in German). Sprachkritische Aktion Unwort des Jahres. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  15. ^ Robinson, Nick (7 March 2013). "Economy: TINA is back". BBC News. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  16. ^ Séville 2017, p. 449.
  17. ^ Séville 2017, pp. 462–463.
  18. ^ Séville 2017, pp. 464–465.
  19. ^ "Lord St John of Fawsley, former Tory minister, dies at 82". The Guardian. 5 March 2012. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
  20. ^ "Another World Is Possible". Dissent Magazine. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  21. ^ "Marx from the Margins: A Collective Project, from A to Z" (PDF). Krisis (2). 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.

Sources

  • Berbuir, Nicole; Lewandowsky, Marcel; Siri, Jasmin (3 April 2015). "The AfD and its Sympathisers: Finally a Right-Wing Populist Movement in Germany?". German Politics. 24 (2): 154–178. doi:10.1080/09644008.2014.982546. ISSN 0964-4008.
  • van Eeden, Pepijn (2019). "Discover, Instrumentalize, Monopolize: Fidesz's Three-Step Blueprint for a Populist Take-over of Referendums". East European Politics and Societies: And Cultures. 33 (3): 705–732. doi:10.1177/0888325418800548. ISSN 0888-3254.
  • Séville, Astrid (2017). "From 'one right way' to 'one ruinous way'? Discursive shifts in 'There is no alternative'". European Political Science Review. 9 (3): 449–470. doi:10.1017/S1755773916000035. ISSN 1755-7739.