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*The Swing Mikado*
The Swing Mikado
	Poster for the opening of The Swing Mikado on September 25, 1938
Music	Gentry Warden ; Arthur Sullivan
Lyrics	W. S. Gilbert
Basis	The Mikado by Gilbert and Sullivan
Productions	1938 Chicago, Broadway

The Swing Mikado is a musical theatre adaptation, in two acts, of Gilbert and Sullivan's 1885 comic opera, The Mikado, with music arranged by Gentry Warden. It featured a setting transposed from Japan to a tropical island. The show was first staged by an all-black company in Chicago, Illinois, in 1938. Later that year, it transferred to Broadway. Other changes from the original work included the re-scoring of five of the musical numbers in "swing" style, the insertion of popular dance sequences including The Truck and the Cakewalk, and the rewriting of some of the dialogue in an attempt at black dialect. Other than that, the original dialogue and score of 1885 were used.^[1]

Background and productions

Frankye Brown (Yum-Yum) and Maurice Cooper (Nanki-Poo), Chicago (1938)

The Swing Mikado was a production of the Chicago division of the WPA's Federal Theatre Project. The production was conceived, staged, and directed by Harry Minturn, with swing re-orchestrations of Arthur Sullivan's music by Warden. The starring roles were performed by Maurice Cooper (Nanki-Poo), Frankye Brown (Yum-Yum) and William Franklin (Pooh-Bah).^[2]

After a five-month run in Chicago, the production moved to Broadway where it had a run of 86 performances. Its success inspired producer Mike Todd to mount a similar adaptation, The Hot Mikado (1939). There is disagreement over whether or not the production reinforced negative racial stereotypes.^[1]^[3]^[4]

The opening night in New York was attended by Eleanor Roosevelt, Harry Hopkins and Mayor LaGuardia. The New York Times reviewer, Brooks Atkinson, gave it a good, if patronizing, review, praising Cooper as "a Nanki-Poo of superior voice and articulate acting capability" but complaining that the large company of "sepia show-folk" [sic] included "some that only fumble the music." Atkinson wrote that "after a slow start the show goes on a bender, the performers grin and strut and begin stamping out the hot rhythms with an animal frenzy. 'Za-zu-za-zu,' the three little maids from school say huskily, breaking down into a smoking caper. All this is something to see and hear ... the chorus includes some dusky wenches who can dance for the Savoyard jitterbugs with gleaming frenzy, tossing their heads in wild delight ... when [the company] gives The Mikado a Cotton Club finish, they raise the body temperature considerably."^[5]

The show was also presented at the 1939 San Francisco World's Fair.[1]

Musical numbers

Cast of the original Chicago production (1938)

Act 1

A Wandering Minstrel - Nanki-Poo and Male Chorus
Our Great Mikado - Pish-Tush and Male Chorus
Young Man Despair - Pooh-Bah, Pish-Tush and Nanki-Poo
Behold the Lord High Executioner - Ko-Ko and Male Chorus
I've Got a Little List - Ko-Ko and Male Chorus
Three Little Maids from School - Yum-Yum, Pitti-Sing, Peep-Bo and Girls Chorus
So Pardon Us - Yum-Yum, Pitti-Sing, Peep-Bo, Pooh-Bah, Pish-Tush and Girls Chorus
Were You Not to Ko-Ko Plighted - Yum-Yum and Nanki-Poo
I Am So Proud - Ko-Ko, Pooh-Bah and Pish-Tush

Act 2

Braid the Raven Hair - Pitti-Sing and Girls Chorus
Moon Song (The Moon and I) - Yum-Yum and Quintet
Madrigal - Yum-Yum, Pitti-Sing, Nanki-Poo and Pish-Tush
Here's a How-de-do - Yum-Yum, Nanki-Poo and Ko-Ko
The Mikado - Katisha and The Mikado
I'm the Emperor of Japan - The Mikado and Chorus
The Criminal Cried - Ko-Ko, Pitti-Sing and Pooh-Bah
A Is Happy - The Mikado, Pooh-Bah, Pitti-Sing, Ko-Ko and Katisha
Flowers That Bloom in the Spring - Pitti-Sing, Ko-Ko, Katisha, Pooh-Bah, Nanki-Poo, Dancers and Quintet
Titwillow - Ko-Ko
There Is Beauty in the Bellows of the Blast - Katisha and Ko-Ko

References

^ ^a ^b Dennis, Lucas. "Reinforcing or Debunking Racial Stereotypes? A Tale of Two Mikados", Graduate Student Symposium, Tufts University, April 5, 2003
^ "Du Sable Grads Find Jobs and Fame in Music". Chicago Tribune. May 11, 1941. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
^ Vallillo, Stephen M. "The Battle of the Black Mikados". Black American Literature Forum, vol. 16, no. 4, Winter 1982, pp. 153–57, St. Louis University, accessed August 31, 2010 (log in required)
^ Lee, Josephine D. (2010). The Japan of Pure Invention: Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-4529-1526-5.
^ Atkinson, Brooks. "Chicago Unit of the Federal Theatre Comes In Swinging the Gilbert and Sullivan Mikado", The New York Times, March 2, 1939, p. 18