The Morning Chronicle

For San Francisco newspaper of the same name, see Morning Chronicle (San Francisco).
For the Australian newspaper once known by the same name, see The Australasian Chronicle.

The Morning Chronicle was a newspaper founded in 1769 in London.[1] It was notable for having been the first steady employer of essayist William Hazlitt as a political reporter[2] and the first steady employer of Charles Dickens as a journalist.[3] It was the first newspaper to employ a salaried woman journalist, Eliza Lynn Linton;[4] for publishing the articles by Henry Mayhew that were collected and published in book format in 1851 as London Labour and the London Poor; and for publishing other major writers, such as John Stuart Mill.

The newspaper published under various owners until 1862, when its publication was suspended,[5] with two subsequent attempts at continued publication. From 28 June 1769 to March 1789 it was published under the name The Morning Chronicle, and London Advertiser. From 1789 to its final publication in 1865, it was published under the name The Morning Chronicle.[6]

Founding

William Woodfall

The Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser was founded in 1769 by William Woodfall as publisher, editor, and reporter.[5][7][8][9][10] From 1769 to 1789 the editor was William Woodfall. (In 1789 he sold his interest in the Morning Chronicle and in the same year founded The Diary, or Woodfall's Register, which was the first to fully report on proceedings in Parliament as a regular feature. Since note-taking was prohibited, he worked from memory, at least to the extent of writing notes outside the chamber.)[11][12] Woodfall's journalism slanted toward the Whig party in the House of Commons.

Newspapers of the time were subject to persecution by the government, and in typical fashion Woodfall was convicted of libel and spent a year in Newgate prison in 1779; a similar fate also befell some of his successors.

Later owners and reporters

The Chronicle was bought by James Perry in 1789, bringing the journal firmly down on the Whig side against the Tory-owned London Gazette. Circulation increased, and by 1810, the typical sale was 7,000 copies. The content often came from journalists labelled as radicals, a dangerous connotation in the aftermath of the French Revolution.

From 1801 the former United Irishman Peter Finnerty combined reporting for the Chronicle on Parliament with active participation in the election campaigns of Sir Francis Burdett (1802 and 1804); Richard Brinsley Sheridan, the Irish playwright and satirist (1807); and the abolitionist and proponent of minimum wages, Samuel Whitbread (1811).[13] As a war correspondent in 1809 he reported on the disasters of the Walcheren Campaign, laying blame at the feet of Lord Castlereagh.[14][15] 1811 Castlereagh succeeded in having him imprisoned for libel.[16][17]

In 1809, David Ricardo, then a successful banker and friend of Perry's, anonymously published an article in the Morning Chronicle titled "The Price of Gold". It was Ricardo's first published work, and decried the inflationary consequences of the Bank Restriction Act 1797, advocating for a return to the gold standard. The publication of Ricardo's article started an extensive correspondence in the newspaper, and precipitated the creation of the Bullion Committee.[18]

William Hazlitt joined to report on Parliament in 1813, by which time several charges of libel and seditious libel had been levelled against the newspaper and its contributors at one time or another,[19] Perry being sentenced to three months in gaol in 1798. Woodfall died in 1803.

John Black, (1783-1855). Journalist, editor

Perry was succeeded by John Black, probably in 1817 when Perry developed a severe illness. It was Black who later employed Dickens, Mayhew, and John Stuart Mill. William Innel(l) Clement (the owner of several titles) purchased the Morning Chronicle on the death of James Perry in 1821 for £42,000, raising most of the purchase money by bills. The transaction involved him with Messrs. Hurst & Robinson, the publishers, and their bankruptcy in 1825 hit him very hard. After losing annually on the Morning Chronicle, Clement sold it to John Easthope in 1834 for £16,500.

Charles Dickens began reporting for the Chronicle in 1834. It was in this medium that he also began publishing short stories under the pseudonym "Boz".

The articles by Henry Mayhew were published in 1849, accompanied by similar articles about other regions of the country, written by other journalists.

Eliza Lynn Linton joined the newspaper in 1849 and, in doing so, became the UK's first salaried woman journalist on a daily newspaper.

The Morning Chronicle was suspended with the 21 December 1862 issue and resumed with the 9 January 1864 issue. Then it was suspended again with the 10 January 1864 issue and again resumed with the 2 March 1865 issue.[20]

Editors

1769: William Woodfall
1789: James Perry
1817: John Black
1834: Andrew Doyle
1848: John Douglas Cook

Letters from Sydney, 1829

A series of letters, penned by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, actually in prison at the time for the abduction of a minor but purporting to come from a gentleman settler in Sydney, New South Wales, were published in the Chronicle in 1829. Each was dubbed "A letter from Sydney". These outlined his theory of systematic colonisation, which were embraced with enthusiasm by Robert Gouger, widely promulgated after being published as a book, and later led to the British colonisation of South Australia.[21][22]

In Fiction

In Jules Verne's Around the World in Eighty Days, The Morning Chronicle is mentioned among the papers reporting on Phileas Fogg's travel around the world. Verne attributes to the Chronicle a position hostile to Fogg and skeptical of his chances to complete his journey in 80 days.

References

  1. ^ Brake, Laurel; Demoor, Marysa, eds. (2009). "The Morning Chronicle". Dictionary of Nineteenth-century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 426–427. ISBN 9789038213408.
  2. ^ Hazlitt was soon also writing some of its drama and art criticism and contributing miscellaneous essays. Wu, Duncan (2008). William Hazlitt: The First Modern Man. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 144, 157–58. ISBN 978-0-19-954958-0.
  3. ^ Tomalin, Claire (2011). Charles Dickens: A Life. Penguin. ISBN 9781594203091. Charles Dickens had steady employment as a legal clerk and then was paid as a freelancer by other newspapers before he gained steady employment at The Morning Chronicle at a salary of 5 guineas per week.
  4. ^ Onslow, Barbara (2000). Women of the Press in Nineteenth-Century Britain. Macmillan. ISBN 0333683781.
  5. ^ a b "The Life of a London Journal. From the London Star". NY Times. 7 April 1862.
  6. ^ The Eighteenth-Century Periodical and the Theatre: 1715–1803, Auburn University
  7. ^ The Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser, W. Woodfall — worldcat.org
  8. ^ Newman, Gerald G.; Brown, Leslie Ellen (eds.) (1997). "Newspaper Press". Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714–1837: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 397. ISBN 9780815303961. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Cobbett's Parliamentary History of England
  10. ^ Early Numbers of the Morning Chronicle and Owen's Weekly Chronicle (No. 284 was published on Saturday, 28 April, 1770.)
  11. ^ "Woodfall, William" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  12. ^ "Deaths in and Near London (William Woodfall obituary notice)". Monthly Magazine and British Register. 16: 280. 1803.
  13. ^ Wright, Jonathan (July 2014). "An Anglo-Irish Radical in the Late Georgian Metropolis: Peter Finnerty and the Politics of Contempt". Journal of British Studies. 53 (3): 663–672. doi:10.1017/jbr.2014.55. JSTOR 24701793.
  14. ^ Durán de Porras, Elías (2014). "Peter Finnerty, un antepasado de los corresponsales de guerra modernos" (PDF). Textual & Visual Media. 7: 163–184.
  15. ^ Finnerty, Peter (1766?–1822). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. 28 November 2017. doi:10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.9474.
  16. ^ Finnerty, Peter (1811). Case of Peter Finnerty, Including a Full Report of All Proceedings which Took Place in the Court of King's Bench Upon the Subject ... London: J. M'Creery.
  17. ^ "Peter Finnerty - Irish Biography". www.libraryireland.com. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  18. ^ Ricardo, David (2004). Sraffa, Piero (ed.). The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo. Vol. 3. Indianapolis, Indiana: Liberty Fund. pp. 3–8. ISBN 0-86597-967-7.
  19. ^ "Information about the Morning Chronicle article 'List of sellers of P B Shelley's Queen Mab by the Society for the Suppression of Vice'". British Library. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  20. ^ "Morning Chronicle". British Newspapers 1800–1900. British Library. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012.
  21. ^ Dutton, Geoffrey (1984). Founder of a city: the life of Colonel William Light, first Surveyor-General of the colony of South Australia, founder of Adelaide, 1786-1839 ([New] ed.). Rigby. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-7270-1913-4.
  22. ^ "Foundation of the Province". SA Memory. State Library of South Australia. 5 February 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2019.