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*The Living Dead*
The Living Dead
Written by	Adam Curtis
Country of origin	United Kingdom
Original language	English
No. of series	1
No. of episodes	3
Production
Executive producer	Edward Mirzoeff
Producers	Adam Curtis; Susan Gautier-Smith; Annabel Hobley
Cinematography	Michael Eley
Running time	180 mins (in three parts)
Production company	BBC
Original release
Network	BBC Two
Release	30 May –; 13 June 1995
Related
	Pandora's Box (1992); The Mayfair Set (1999);

The Living Dead: Three Films About the Power of the Past is the second major BBC television documentary series by British filmmaker Adam Curtis. It was originally broadcast on BBC Two in 1995.^[1] In the series, Curtis examines the different ways that history and memory (both national and individual) have been used and manipulated by politicians and others.

Summary of episodes

Part 1. "On the Desperate Edge of Now"

This episode, broadcast on 30 May 1995,^[1] examines how the various national ideals and memories of the Second World War were effectively buried, rewritten and manipulated in the Cold War era, only to violently resurface later with events such as the protests of 1968, the emergence of the Red Army Faction, and the turmoil of the Yugoslav Wars.

For Germany, this process began at the Nuremberg Trials, where the use of the film The Nazi Plan was intended to reveal the criminality of the Nazi state, and attempts were made to prevent defendants—principally Hermann Göring—from providing any rational or contextualized argument for their actions during the war. Subsequently, however, bringing lower-ranking Nazis to justice was all but forgotten in the interests of maintaining West Germany as an important new ally in the Cold War. For the Allies, faced with a new enemy in the Soviet Union, there was a need to portray World War II as a crusade of pure good against pure evil, even if this meant creating a mismatch by denying the memories of the individual soldiers who had actually done the fighting and knew it to have been far more ambiguous.

The title of this episode comes from a veteran's description of the uncertainty of survival in combat. A number of American veterans related how, years later, they found themselves plagued with previously suppressed memories of the brutal things they had seen and done.

Contributors

Louis Simpson, Private in US Airborne Division 1943–45
Paul Fussell, infantryman in US Army 1944–45
Frau Witta and Frau Torman, housekeepers at Carinhall
Utz Ulrich, Curator, Nuremberg museum
Carlo Jahn, Gatekeeper of Congress Hall, Nuremberg
Herr Fruehwirt, member of the Hitler Youth 1933–41
Peter Uiberall, Goering's interpreter at Nuremberg trials
Burton C. Andrus Jnr, son of Burton C. Andrus, Commandant of the Nuremberg Prison
Robert Wolfe, Head of Captured German Documents, US National Archives
Mary Burns, stenographer at Nuremberg trials
Horst Mahler, a leader of Red Army Faction
George Garand, interrogator at Nuremberg trials
Anna Cameron, stenographer at Nuremberg trials
Drexel Sprecher, US lawyer at Nuremberg trials
Dr John Lattimer, urologist for defendants at Nuremberg trials
Peter Block, Keeper of the Statues, Bellevue Palace
Andre Dufresne, infantryman in US Army 1943–45
Kitta Wagner, Nuremberg resident
Egon Hanfstaengel, son of Ernst Hanfstaengl, Hitler's confidant
Herman Gremlitza, student movement, 1968
Christiane Ensslin, sister of Gudrun Ensslin, a founder of Red Army Faction
Alfred Kernd'l, Chief Archaeologist to the City of Berlin

Part 2. "You Have Used Me as a Fish Long Enough"

In this episode, broadcast on 6 June 1995,^[2] the early history of the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) use of brainwashing and mind control is examined. Its thesis is that a search for control over the past, via medical intervention, had to be abandoned, and that in modern times, control over the past is more effectively exercised by the manipulation of history. It concludes that despite successful attempts to remove memories of the past, doing so often left an emotional void that was hard to refill.

The angle pursued by Curtis is the way in which psychiatry historically pursued tabula rasa theories of the mind, initially to set people free from traumatic memories and then later as a potential instrument of societal control. The work of Ewen Cameron is surveyed, with particular reference to the early medical use of electroconvulsive therapy, Cold War theories of communist brainwashing, and the search for hypnoprogammed sleeper agents and assassins. After the intelligence agency failures over the Kennedy assassination and the failed assassination attempts against Fidel Castro, this work was later abandoned in favour of computerised memory and intelligence research, such as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), created in 1958.

The title of this episode comes from a paranoid schizophrenic seen in archive film in the programme, who believed that her neighbours were using her as a source of amusement by denying her any privacy—like a goldfish in a bowl. Some footage from this episode, an interview with one of Cameron's victims, was later reused by Curtis in The Century of the Self.

Contributors

Joy Shannon, Administrator, Montreal Neurological Institute
Dr Herb Jasper, assistant to Wilder Penfield
Dr Heinz Lehmann, psychiatrist and colleague of Dr Cameron
Dr Peter Roper, psychiatrist at Allan Memorial Institute
Thomas Polgar, CIA Assistant Chief of Station in Berlin 1949–55
Dr John Gittinger, CIA Chief Psychologist 1950–74
Milton Kline, psychologist and adviser to CIA
Laughlin Taylor, assistant to Dr Cameron 1958–60
Linda MacDonald, former patient of Dr Cameron
Jerome Bruner, cognitive psychologist, 1950s
John Marks, former assistant to CIA Director of Intelligence and Research
Victor Marchetti, CIA officer 1955–69
Gray Lynch, CIA officer, 1960s
William Alexander, Assistant District Attorney, Dallas 1963
Yuri Nosenko, KGB defector
Colonel Yuri Modin, KGB officer 1947–80
Ulric Neisser, cognitive psychologist, 1960s
Robert Cooper, Director of ARPA 1981–85
Marvin Minsky, artificial intelligence scientist, MIT
Gary Chapman, historian of artificial intelligence
Robert Simpson, Projects Officer at ARPA 1985–90
Marco Lloyd, platoon commander in the Gulf War

Part 3. "The Attic"

In this episode, broadcast on 13 June 1995,^[3] the national aspirations of Margaret Thatcher are examined, particularly the way in which she used public sentiment in an attempt to capture the national spirit embodied in the famous speeches and writings of the wartime prime minister, Winston Churchill. Curtis argues that by harking back, or summoning the spirit of Britain's "glorious past", to fulfil short-term political or national ends, the process backfired in the long-run, trapping the invoker in the societal maladies of the present day.

The example provided is the wartime levels of patriotism invoked in the Falklands War crisis, in which Thatcher's rugged determination matched national sentiment, only to dissipate a few years later with events such as the poll tax riots, which contributed to her resignation.

The title is a reference to the attic flat at the top of 10 Downing Street created during Thatcher's refurbishment of the house which did away with the prime minister's old living quarters on the lower floors, replacing them with 18th-century boardrooms. Scenes from Thatcher's premiership are intercut with scenes from the psychological horror film The Innocents (1961), a film adaptation of Henry James's novella The Turn of the Screw.