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The Fugitive Kind
The Fugitive Kind
	Original poster
Directed by	Sidney Lumet
Screenplay by	Meade Roberts; Tennessee Williams;
Based on	Orpheus Descending; 1957 play; by Tennessee Williams
Produced by	Martin Jurow; Richard Shepherd;
Starring	Marlon Brando; Anna Magnani; Joanne Woodward; Maureen Stapleton; Victor Jory;
Cinematography	Boris Kaufman
Edited by	Carl Lerner
Music by	Kenyon Hopkins
Distributed by	United Artists
Release date	April 14, 1960 (New York City);
Running time	119 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$2.3 million
Box office	$2.1 million (US/ Canada)

The Fugitive Kind is a 1960 American drama film starring Marlon Brando, Anna Magnani, and Joanne Woodward, directed by Sidney Lumet. The screenplay by Meade Roberts and Tennessee Williams was based on the latter's 1957 play Orpheus Descending, itself a revision of his 1940 work Battle of Angels, which closed after its Boston tryout. Frank Thompson designed the costumes for the film.^[3]

Despite being set in the Deep South, the United Artists release was filmed in Milton, New York.^[4] At the 1960 San Sebastián International Film Festival, it won the Silver Seashell for Sidney Lumet and the Zulueta Prize for Best Actress for Joanne Woodward.

The film is available on videotape and DVD. A two-disc DVD edition by The Criterion Collection was released in April 2010. It was upgraded to Blu-Ray in January 2020 and includes three one-act plays by Williams (among them This Property Is Condemned, also later adapted for the screen) performed on NBC television network also directed by Lumet.

A stage production took place in 2010 at the Arclight Theatre starring Michael Brando, grandson of Marlon Brando, in the lead role. That particular production used the edited film version of the text as opposed to the original play.

Plot

Valentine "Snakeskin" Xavier is a guitar-playing drifter who earns his nickname from his jacket. He flees New Orleans to a small town in order to avoid imprisonment. On his 30th birthday he decides to change his drifting "party boy" life after landing in jail following a police raid on the establishment he was playing at.

Thanks to kind wife of the local sheriff, he finds work in a small-town mercantile store operated by an embittered older woman known as Lady Torrance, whose vicious husband Jabe lies ill in their apartment above the store. An undercurrent of violence, past and present, dominates the town. Lady's father died a tragic death after selling wine to local Black citizens (against the law in pre-Civil Rights South).

Frequently drunk libertine outcast Carol Cutrere, who knows Valentine from their shared past in New Orleans, sets her sights on the newcomer. But Snakeskin is only attracted to Lady, who has grand plans to open a beautifully decorated "Lady's Confectionery" wing to the rundown store. Sheriff Talbott, a friend of Jabe as well as Vee's husband, threatens to kill Snakeskin if he remains in town, but he chooses to stay when he discovers Lady is pregnant. It sparks Jabe's final acts of resentment, leading to tragic consequences.

Cast

Marlon Brando as Valentine "Snakeskin" Xavier
Joanne Woodward as Carol Cutrere
Anna Magnani as Lady Torrance
Maureen Stapleton as Vee Talbot
Victor Jory as Jabe Torrance
R. G. Armstrong as Sheriff Jordan Talbot
John Baragrey as David Cutrere
Virgilia Chew as Nurse Porter
Ben Yaffee as "Dog" Hamma
Joe Brown Jr. as "Pee Wee" Binnings
Mary Perry
Spivy as Ruby Lightfoot
Sally Gracie as Dolly Hamma
Lucille Benson as Beulah Binnings
Emory Richardson as Uncle Pleasant, the Conjure Man
Nell Harrison
Frank Borgman as Gas Station Attendant
Janice Mars as Attendant's Wife
Debbie Lynch as Lonely Girl
Jeanne Barr
Herb Vigran as Caliope Player

Production

Anna Magnani and Marlon Brando had both originally been offered the parts in the Broadway production of Orpheus Descending but turned it down. The roles were played on Broadway by Maureen Stapleton and Cliff Robertson. Film rights to the play were originally optioned by Hal Wallis, who had made a movie of The Rose Tattoo with Anna Magnani (that role had also been originally written for Magnani but played by Stapleton on Broadway). After reception to Orpheus on Broadway proved disappointing, Wallis allowed his option to lapse.^[5]

The film was set up by a new team of producers, Martin Jurow and Richard Shepherd, both former agents. They arranged to option the movie rights from Tennessee Williams by obtaining the interest of Anna Magnani and Tony Franciosa as possible stars (both had just made Wild Is the Wind together). United Artists agreed to finance. However Marlon Brando then became interested in the project; he was given Franciosa's role and the latter actor was paid out.^[6]

Variety later reported that the budget of The Fugutive Kind was $2.3 million, of which $1 million went to "talent", with Brando and Anna Magnani on percentages; Joanne Woodward was borrowed from 20th Century Fox.^[1] However in fact the $1 million fee went to Brando, with Magnani and Sidney Lumet being paid $125,000 each.^[7]

Brando wrote in his memoirs he rejected the role on Broadway because he did not wish to return to the stage. However, he was willing to appear in the film because "I was divorcing my first wife and needed money." Brando felt Magnani was "a troubled woman" who was "miscast". He added, "I’ve always thought of Tennessee as one of the greatest American writers, but I didn’t think much of this play or the movie. Like most great American writers, he turned black people into windowpanes."^[8]

Filming began in June 1959 and took place on location in the town of Milton, New York, and at Bronx Studios in New York City.^[1] According to Brando, Magnani tried to seduce Brando before making the movie but he rejected her.^[9]

Lumet thought Magnani "hated acting in English. Of course, Tennessee had written it for her, and she was a great friend of his. But what happens is that when you get down to an emotion, you revert. Under certain emotional conditions, the accent would become stronger and stronger and stronger, until she was finally incomprehensible. So after the shooting she had to come back and loop about 50 percent of her lines."^[10]

Filming was difficult in party due to the breakdown of the relationship between Brando and Magnani. Also during the shoot Brando constantly flew back to Los Angeles to oversee the editing of One Eyed Jacks.^[11]

Lumet later said he enjoyed working with Brando and Woodward but struggled with Magnani "who was going through a personal crisis and hated being in America and in a film studio. This actress, so honest, authentic, sincere, had reached an age where her sole preoccupation was her appearance.... It was as though all the hardships in her life had taken away all her tenderness, and when she gets mad in the film, she is brilliant! The rest of the time she rings false, looks spiritless."^[12]

According to Sidney Lumet, the theme of the film was "the struggle to preserve what is sensitive and vulnerable both in ourselves and in the world."^[13]

Critical reception

In his review in The New York Times, Bosley Crowther described the film as a

piercing account of loneliness and disappointment in a crass and tyrannical world...[Sidney Lumet's] plainly perceptive understanding of the deep-running skills of the two stars, his daring with faces in close-up and his out-right audacity in pacing his film at a morbid tempo that lets time drag and passions slowly shape are responsible for much of the insistence and the mesmeric quality that emerge ...Mr. Brando and Miss Magnani...being fine and intelligent performers...play upon deep emotional chords...Miss Woodward is perhaps a bit too florid for full credibility...But Miss Stapleton's housewife is touching and Victor Jory is simply superb as the inhuman, sadistic husband...An excellent musical score by Kenyon Hopkins, laced with crystalline sounds and guitar strains, enhances the mood of sadness in this sensitive film.^[14]

In the Chicago Reader, Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote "Unfortunately, director Sidney Lumet, who's often out of his element when he leaves New York, seems positively baffled by the gothic south and doesn't know quite what to do with the overlay of Greek myth either."^[15]

The Time Out London Film Guide wrote "despite its stellar credentials, just about everything is wrong with this adaptation of Tennessee Williams' play Orpheus Descending...Lumet's direction is either ponderous or pretentious, and he failed to crack the problem of the florid stage dialogue and a dangerously weak role for Brando",^[16] and Channel 4 describes it as "a less than satisfying experience...disappointing stuff."^[17]

Sidney Lumet later reflected "The problems were many because thematically we wanted the piece to be about the boy, and it was built for that. Yet in the actual text it was all the woman’s. That we never resolved; it was largely my fault. I was a little awed and cowed by him and also I knew that as a play this was his favorite."^[18]

Box Office

Brando's biographer claims it was the first Brando film to lose money.^[19] Filmink speculated this was due in part to a lack of sexual chemistry in the film.^[20]

In popular culture

Some dialogue from a scene in the film was used by Australian hip hop trio Bliss n Eso in their song "Never Land", off their album Running on Air.

Sailor Ripley (Nicolas Cage) wears a snakeskin jacket exactly like Val's in the film Wild at Heart.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "'Fugitive Kind's' $2,300,000 Budget Represents $1,000,000 for Talent". Variety. 22 July 1959. p. 1, 18.
^ "Rental Potentials of 1960", Variety, 4 January 1961 p 47. Please note figures are rentals as opposed to total gross.
^ Peter Kihiss (June 7, 1977). "Frank Thompson, Top Designer Of Costumes for Stage and Ballet". The New York Times.
^ Thomson, David. "The Fugitive Kind: When Sidney Went to Tennessee". The Criterion Collection. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
^ Manso p 497-498
^ Winters, Shelley (1989). Shelley II : the middle of my century. p. 221-222.
^ Manso p 498
^ Brando, Marlon (1994). Brando : songs my mother taught me. p. 260.
^ Brando p 261
^ Rapf p 58
^ Manso p 500-515
^ Rapf p 98
^ Lumet, Sidney (1996). Making Movies. p. 14.
^ The New York Times review
^ Chicago Reader review
^ Time Out London Film Guide review
^ Channel 4 review
^ Rapf p 22
^ Manso p 514
^ Vagg, Stephen (19 November 2024). "What makes a financially successful Tennessee Williams film?". Filmink. Retrieved 19 November 2024.