Teutobod

The supposed migrations of the Teutons and the Cimbri.
BattleL Cimbri and Teutons defeats.
BattleW Cimbri and Teutons victories.

Teutobod was a king of the Teutons, who, together with the allied Cimbri, invaded the Roman Republic in the Cimbrian War and won a spectacular victory at the Battle of Arausio in 105 BC. He was later captured at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae in 102 BC.[1]

Life

In the late 2nd century BC, together with their neighbors, allies, and possible relatives, the Cimbri, the Teutons attacked south into the Danube valley, southern Gaul and northern Italy. Here they began to intrude upon the lands of Rome (Julius Caesar, in his Gallic Wars account De Bello Gallico, reports that it was the Boii who had attacked Noricum). The inevitable conflict which followed is called the Cimbrian War. The Cimbri (under their King Boiorix) and the Teutons, won the opening battles of this war, defeating tribes allied with the Romans and destroying a huge Roman army at the Battle of Arausio in 105 BC. But Rome regrouped and reorganized under Consul Gaius Marius. In 104 BC the Cimbri left the Rhône valley to raid Spain, while the Teutons remained in Gaul, still strong but not powerful enough to march on Rome on their own. This gave Marius time to build a new army and in 102 BC he moved against the Teutons. At the Battle of Aquae Sextiae the Teutons were virtually annihilated and Teutobod along with, reportedly, 20,000 of his people, were captured. After this, he and his tribe drop out of history. He most likely was sent to Rome for a triumphal procession to celebrate his defeat, then ritually executed afterward. The following year, the Cimbri would suffer a similar fate at the Battle of Vercellae, where two of their leaders, Caesorix and Claodicus, were captured, while two other leaders, Boiorix and Lugius, were killed.[2]

Teutobochus tomb

In 1869 W.A. Seaver wrote: "In times more modern (1613), some masons digging near the ruins of a castle in Dauphiné, in a field which by tradition had long been called 'The Giant's Field,' at a depth of 18 feet discovered a brick tomb 30 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 8 feet high, on which was a gray stone with the words 'Theutobochus Rex' cut thereon. When the tomb was opened they found a human skeleton entire, 30-1/2 feet long, 10 feet wide across the shoulders, and 5 feet deep from the breast to the back. His teeth were about the size of an ox's foot, and his shin-bone measured 4 feet in length."[3]

The bones were displayed in Paris by Pierre Mazurier, a surgeon who claimed to be one of the finders.[4]

After the finding of the bones, the legend of the king Teutobochus, which was thought to be Teutobod, spread despite analysis by anatomist Jean Riolan the Younger, who ascribed the bones to one of Hannibal's elephants. The French scholar Peiresc also demonstrated that such bones belong to elephants.[5] Theutobochus mentioned by Robert Plot in his Natural history of Oxfordshire, 1677, along with other purported giant skeletons.[6]

Much later, the zoologist Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville analyzed the bones and concluded they came from a mastodon. Finally in 1984, the paleontologist Léonard Ginsburg [fr] analyzed a plaster mold from the Paris Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, that came from the giant bones, and identified a Deinotherium.[7] The bones are housed in the Gallery of Paleontology and Comparative Anatomy.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ Livy. "Periochae of Books 66-70". Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  2. ^ Sampson, Gareth C. (2010). The crisis of Rome: the Jugurthine and Northern Wars and the rise of Marius. Pen & Sword Military. p. 175. ISBN 9781844159727. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  3. ^ W.A. Seaver, "Giants and Dwarfs", Harper's New Monthly Magazine, 39:202-210, 1869.
  4. ^ "Famous Giants". The Inter Ocean. Chicago, Illinois. 2 Jun 1889. p. 3. Retrieved 18 December 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ Godard Gaston (March 2009). "The fossil proboscideans of Utica (Tunisia), a key to the 'giant' controversy, from Saint Augustine (424) to Peiresc (1632)". Geological Society London Special Publications. 310 (1): 67–76. Bibcode:2009GSLSP.310...67G. doi:10.1144/SP310.8. S2CID 130560933.
  6. ^ Plot, R. (1677). "The Natural History of Oxford-shire, Being an Essay Toward the Natural History of England". Mr. S. Miller's: 136–137.
  7. ^ Adrienne Mayor (2001). The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times. Princeton University Press. p. 77. ISBN 0691058636.
  8. ^ "Mammal fossils". National Museum of Natural History, France.