Tehreek-e-Istiqlal

Tehreek-e-Istiqlal
تحریک استقلال
LeaderAsghar Khan
FounderAsghar Khan
Founded1970; 55 years ago (1970)
Dissolved2012 (2012)
Merged intoPakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
IdeologyIslam and democracy
Pakistani nationalism
Progressivism
Mixed economy[1]
Reformism
Welfarism[2]
Minority rights[3]
Political positionCentre[4]
ReligionIslam[5]

Tehreek-e-Istiqlal (Urdu: تحریک استقلال) was a political party in Pakistan. It was once the second most popular political party in Pakistan.[6] It was formed by Air Marshal Retd. Asghar Khan in 1970.[7][8]

In the 1970s, Tehrik-i-Istiqlal, many prominent public figures were active members of Tehrik-i-Istiqlal including Nawaz Sharif, Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri, Allama Aqeel Turabi, Aitzaz Ahsan, Sheikh Rashid Ahmad, Javed Hashmi, Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti, Mushahid Hussain Syed, Mehnaz Rafi, Raja Nadir Pervez, Gohar Ayub Khan, Nisar Khoro, Nafees Siddiqui, Ashraf Liaqat Ali Khan, Zafar Ali Shah, Ahmed Raza Kasuri, Muhammad Iqbal Khan, Sher Afgan Niazi, Manzoor Wattoo, Musheer Pesh Imam, Syeda Abida Hussain, Syed Fakhar Imam, Raja Niaz Khan (AJK) and many others.[9]

After the controversial 1977 Pakistani general election, General Zia-ul-Haq seized power and banned political parties. Under Zia, Asghar Khan was placed under house arrest which lasted 1,603 days.[10] Upon being released, Asghar Khan joined the newly formed Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD) in 1983 and was detained by the government.[9]

In the 1990 Pakistani general election, it entered into an alliance with Pakistan Peoples Party for electoral calculus.[11]

In January 2012, Tehreek-e-Istiqlal announced merging with the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf.[12][13]

History

Formation

Main articles: Conservatism in Pakistan, Right-wing populism, and Dharna
An example of Dharna. Asghar Khan instigated multiple Dharna movements to remove the elected civilian governments in Pakistan over the accusations of monetary corruption throughout the 1970s and 1990s.[14]

After retiring from the military, Air Marshal Asghar Khan in 1969 founded the Lahore-based Justice Party. By the time of the 1970 elections, he had resigned from the Justice Party to found the Tehreek-e-Istiqlal (TeI) party.[15] Asghar Khan announced he was forming the Tehreek-e-Istiqlal (lit. Movement for Solidarity Party) in response to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's announcement of the formation of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP).

The TeI was a centrist political party founded in direct opposition to the left-wing PPP, though both were opposing the Ayub administration.: 169 [16] Despite its centerist and secular program, the TeI attracted the right-wing conservative vote bank and support from the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amals ultraconservative clergy.: 169 [16][17] During the election campaign in 1969–70, Khan placed the blame on Zulfikar Ali Bhutto for starting the second war with India in 1965 after reading a statement from Ayub Khan after meeting the latter.: 23–24 [18]

Violence against Istiqlal members

Khwaja Mohammed Rafique, a prominent politician who was the president of the right-wing Pakistan Unity Party and former chief of the Pakistan Democratic Party, was fatally shot by unidentified attackers in Lahore on 20 December 1972. He was on his way home after participating in a procession organized by TeI, which was led by Asghar Khan. The demonstration, protested primarily against inflation and was held to mark a "black day" on the first anniversary of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's presidency.[19] Asghar Khan described Khwaja's death as "murder in broad daylight, under the very nose of the police", as a "shocking act of gangsterism." He accused the Government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of aiding and encouraging armed "hooligans".[20]

At the end of a Pakistan Peoples Party procession on 29 April 1973, members of the ruling party attacked the home of Sheikh Hafiz, Vice President of Tehrik-i-Istiqlal Lahore. During the assault, his nephew, Sheikh Javed Nazir, was seriously injured and succumbed to his injuries two days later.[21]

Activities of party

During the nationwide 1970 Pakistani general elections, Party decided to run on the Rawalpindi's constituencies, believing that the city's population would vote in appreciation of a retired air force official. However, Khan lost the election to the less-known politician, Khurshid Hasan Mir of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP); the Tehrik-e-Istiqlal (TeI) generally lost the election without winning any seats for the National Assembly of Pakistan as the PPP had performed well to claim the exclusive mandate in the Four Provinces of Pakistan.: 159 [22]

After the disastrous Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the third war with India, Khan joined the National Assembly, only to be served in the Opposition bench led by Wali Khan of the left-winged Awami National Party.: 159 < after Yahya administration turned over the civilian government to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as President, Khan accused Bhutto of escalating the situation that led to the creation of Bangladesh and noting that: "We are living virtually under one-party state... The outstanding feature is suppression."[17]

In 1973, criticism of Prime Minister Bhutto grew further and Khan held him directly responsible for authorizing the 1970s military operations to curb nationalism in Balochistan, Pakistan.: 205 [23][17] In 1974, Khan criticized the nationalization of industry in Pakistan and his party benefitted from financial support from industrialists such as Nawaz Sharif, Javed Hashmi, Shuja'at Hussain to oppose such policy measures. In 1975–76, Khan eventually supported and was instrumental in forming the National Front, a massive nine-party conservative alliance, and was said to be determined to oust Bhutto and his party from the government and power.: 163 [24]

The party participated in the 1977 Pakistani general election on previous constituency but lost the elections to less-known politicians, much to his surprise.: 76  The party refused election results and leveled charges on the government of vote rigging, immediately calling for the massive dharnas against the government.: 76  When provincial governments led the arrests of workers from the National Front, it was reported by historians that it was Khan who penned a letter to the Chairman Joint Chiefs Admiral Mohammad Shariff and Army Chief General Zia-ul-Haq reminding them of not to obey the law of their civilian superiors.: 68 [25]: contents [26] Excerpts of this letter was later published by the historians as Khan later asking the military to renounce their support for the "Illegal regime of Bhutto", and asked the military leadership to "differentiate between a "lawful and an unlawful" command... and save Pakistan.".: 181 [27]

To the historians and observer, the letter was a pivot for the military to engage in establishing martial law against Prime Minister Bhutto in 1977.: 68 [25][27] party leader khan was reportedly offered a cabinet post in the Zia administration but he declined to serve.[27]

Imprisonment of Asghar khan and political struggle to maintain image

After the imposing of martial law by the bloodless 5 July 1977 Operation Fair Play coup by the Army Chief, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Khan began opposing the Zia administration and called for support for restoring democracy.[27] On television interviews with news channels, Khan strongly defended his letter as according to him, "nowhere in the letter had he asked for the military to take over", and he had written it in response to a news story he read in which an Army Major had shot a civilian showing him the "V sign".[27]

In 1983, Khan went on to join the left-wing alliance, the Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD) led by Benazir Bhutto, supported by the communist parties at that time.[28]

Khan was kept under house arrest at his Abbottabad residence from 16 October 1979 to 2 October 1984 and was named a prisoner of conscience by Amnesty International.[29] In 1986, Khan left the MRD, which was under the influence of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and Awami National Party (ANP), and had paving a way for the Bhuttoism which had irked Khan.: 51–52 [30] His decision of boycotting the non-partisan 1985 Pakistani general election eventually led to many of his party's key member defecting to the Pakistan Muslim League led by its President M. K. Junejo.: 134 [31]

In 1988, his letter calling for support for martial law became a public matter Khan and failed to defend his multiple constituencies against the PPP's politicians when the 1988 Pakistani general elections were held.: 114–115 [32] He also lost the 1988 general elections and leveled accusations on the military of financing (Mehrangate) the conservative Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML(N)) and PPP.: 187 [33] He eventually took his case to the Supreme Court of Pakistan where the hearings of his case are still being heard by the Nisar Court of present.[14] In 1997, Khan boycotted the 1997 Pakistani general elections.: 703 [34]

Public disapproval and merging with Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf

Since 1990, Khan's political image had failed to sustain any political influence in Pakistan.[35] In 1998–99, Asghar Khan made unsuccessful attempts to merge his party's cause to Imran Khan's PTI.: 887 [36]

In 2002, he handed over his party to his elder son, Omar Asghar Khan, who was a cabinet minister in the early Musharraf administration.[35] After his son's mysterious death in 2002, Khan joined the National Democratic Party in 2004, which he remained part of until 2011.: 428 [37] On 12 December 2011, Asghar Khan announced his full support of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) and Imran Khan.[38] He praised Imran Khan for his struggle and endorsed him as the only hope left for the survival of Pakistan.[38] This endorsement came at a crucial time for Imran Khan, when many tainted politicians were joining his party.[38][39]

See also

References

  1. ^ Degenhardt, Henry W.; Day, Alan John (1983). Political dissent: an international guide to dissident, extra-parliamentary, guerrilla, and illegal political movements. Gale Research Company. ISBN 9780582902558. Retrieved 20 May 2018. asghar khan national democratic party.
  2. ^ Degenhardt, Henry W.; Day, Alan John (1983). Political dissent: an international guide to dissident, extra-parliamentary, guerrilla, and illegal political movements. Gale Research Company. ISBN 9780582902558. Retrieved 20 May 2018. asghar khan national democratic party.
  3. ^ Naveed Siddiqui, Dawn.com (2018-01-05). "Air Marshal Asghar Khan passes away in Islamabad". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2018-01-05.
  4. ^ "Striking similarities between PTI and Tehrik-e-Istiqlal". www.thenews.com.pk.
  5. ^ Political Parties of the World. Longman. 1988. ISBN 978-0-582-02626-1.
  6. ^ "Striking similarities between PTI and Tehrik-e-Istiqlal". www.thenews.com.pk.
  7. ^ Aziz, Shaikh (13 July 2014). "A leaf from history: Was Asghar tipped as premier?".
  8. ^ "The politics of opposition in Pakistan : a case study of the Tehrik-i Istiqlal, 1971–77 | WorldCat.org". www.worldcat.org. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
  9. ^ a b Khan, Mohammad Asghar (2008). My Political Struggle. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-547620-0.
  10. ^ Cowasjee, Ardeshir (26 April 2009). "Wise words from an old warrior".
  11. ^ "Who rigs polls in Pakistan and how?". 19 June 2018.
  12. ^ "Air marshal (retd) Asghar Khan joins PTI". www.pakistantoday.com.pk. 12 December 2011.
  13. ^ Web Desk (2011-12-12). "Asghar Khan quits as TIP chief, backs PTI". Samaa. Retrieved 2023-05-01.
  14. ^ a b Abbas, Mazhar (15 May 2018). "A story behind Asghar Khan case?". Mazhar Abbas report on GEO TV. GEO News. GEO TV. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  15. ^ Budruddin, S. G. M. (1970). Election Handbook, 1970. Karachi: Publishing & Marketing Associates. pp. 32–33. OCLC 202579.
  16. ^ a b Chari, P. R.; Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal; Cohen, Stephen P. (2009). Four Crises and a Peace Process: American Engagement in South Asia. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0815713869.
  17. ^ a b c Saeed Shafqat, PhD (1997). Civil-military relations in Pakistan. Peshawar, Pakistan: Boulder: West View Press. pp. 283 pages. ISBN 978-0813388090.
  18. ^ "Indian and Foreign Review". Indian and Foreign Review. 17 (8–24). Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. 1980.
  19. ^ "Noted Pakistani Politician Is Shot to Death in Lahore". The New York Times. 21 December 1972.
  20. ^ News Review on South Asia. The Institute. 1972. p. 47.
  21. ^ Asghar Khan (2008). My Political Struggle. Oxford University Press. p. 32.
  22. ^ Lyon, Peter (2008). Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576077122.
  23. ^ Pakistan), Sayad Hashmi Reference Library (Karachi (2008). The Balochistan chronicles: the archives of the Times, London and the New York Times on Balochistan, from 1842–2007. Sayad Hashmi Reference Library.
  24. ^ Rizvi, H. (2000). Military, State and Society in Pakistan. Springer. ISBN 9780230599048.
  25. ^ a b Singh, Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh (2008). The Military Factor in Pakistan. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 9780981537894.
  26. ^ Kapur, Ashok (2006). Pakistan in Crisis. Routledge. ISBN 9781134989768.
  27. ^ a b c d e Talbot, Ian (1998). Pakistan A Modern History. United States.: St. Martin's Press. pp. 181–200. ISBN 0-312-21606-8.
  28. ^ Hyman, Anthony; Ghayur, Muhammed; Kaushik, Naresh (1989). Pakistan, Zia and After--. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 52. ISBN 81-7017-253-5. The Tehrik-i-Istiqlal of retired air marshal Asghar Khan had also joined the MRD by [1984] ... The so-called 'three Khans' – Nazrullah Khan of the Pakistan Democratic Party, Walid Khan of National Awami Party and Asghar Khan of the Tehrik – opposed [participation in the 1985 elections] and carried the rest with them.
  29. ^ "Pakistan". Amnesty International. 1981. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
  30. ^ Pakistan Review. S. Ahmad. 1985.
  31. ^ Hyman, Anthony; Ghayur, Muhammed; Kaushik, Naresh (1989). Pakistan, Zia and After--. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 134. ISBN 81-7017-253-5. Once the [1988] National Assembly elections were over ... Air Marshal Asghar Khan, leader of the Tehrik-i-Istiklal party, has been swept aside, in both the constituencies where he contested the elections from.
  32. ^ Electoral Politics in Pakistan: National Assembly Elections 1993 : Report of Saarc-Ngo Observers. International Centre for Ethnic Studies. 1995. ISBN 9780706987317.
  33. ^ Tushnet, Mark; Khosla, Madhav (2015). Unstable Constitutionalism: Law and Politics in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 400. ISBN 9781316419083.
  34. ^ Banks, Arthur S.; Day, Alan J.; Muller, Thomas C. (2016). Political Handbook of the World 1998. Springer. ISBN 9781349149513.
  35. ^ a b Zia Khan (13 December 2011). "Reinforcement: Asghar Khan is latest PTI recruit". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  36. ^ Banks, William C.; Muller, T.; Overstreet, W. (2005). Political Handbook of theWorld 2005–2006. CQ Press. ISBN 9781568029528.
  37. ^ South Asia 2004. Taylor & Francis. 2003.
  38. ^ a b c Press Release (12 December 2011). "Asghar Khan backs Imran's PTI". Dawn Newspapers, 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  39. ^ Press Release (12 December 2011). "Air Marshal (retd) Asghar Khan to join PTI". Pakistan Tribune. Retrieved 14 March 2012.

Read other articles:

Koresh Muda

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang pangeran Iran. Untuk nama Raja Diraja Iran, lihat Koresh Agung. Koresy adalah pangeran Iran, putra Darius II dan Parysatis. Dia juga merupakan seorang jenderal. Tanggal kelahirannya tidak diketahui, tetapi ia meninggal pada tahun 401 SM setelah pertempuran gagal untuk menggulingkan saudaranya, Artahsasta II, dari takhta Iran. Sejarawan biasanya menyebutnya dengan Koresy Muda, untuk membedakannya dengan Koresy Agung. Sejarah Koresy dan mundurnya orang-orang Y...

 

 

العلاقات الموريتانية الميانمارية

العلاقات الموريتانية الميانمارية موريتانيا ميانمار   موريتانيا   ميانمار تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الموريتانية الميانمارية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين موريتانيا وميانمار.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية �...

 

 

George Washington 250th Anniversary half dollar

Commemorative coin George Washington 250th Anniversary half dollarUnited statesValue.50 US DollarMass12.50 gDiameter30.6 mmEdgeReededComposition90% Ag10% CuYears of minting1982ObverseDesignGeorge Washington riding a horseDesignerElizabeth JonesDesign date1982ReverseDesignMount Vernon with eagleDesignerElizabeth JonesDesign date1982 The George Washington 250th Anniversary half dollar is a commemorative coin that was issued by the United States Mint in 1982 to commemorate the 250th an...

Serbie-et-Monténégro

Communauté d'États de Serbie-et-Monténégro(sr) Државна заједница Србија и Црна ГораDržavna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora 4 février 2003 – 3 juin 2006(3 ans, 3 mois et 30 jours)Drapeau de Serbie-et-Monténégro. Armoiries de Serbie-et-Monténégro. Hymne Hej Sloveni Localisation de la Serbie-et-Monténégro (vert) sur le continent européen. Informations générales Statut République fédérale Texte fondamental Charte const...

 

 

Max dan Kucing-kucing

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Max and the Cats Berkas:Max and the Cats.jpgPengarangMoacyr ScliarJudul asliMax e os FelinosPenerjemahEloah F. Giacomelli 1990, 2003BahasaPortugisSubjekJerman Nazi, lari dari masa lalu, kekuatan ketakutanGenreNovelPenerbitL&PM Editores Ltda, B...

 

 

Sich Battalion

Ukrainian nationalist paramilitary battalion Not to be confused with 49th Infantry Battalion (Ukraine) or Carpathian Sich. This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Sich BattalionUkrainian: батальйон патрульної служби міліції особливого призначення СiчActiveJune 2014 – presentCountry UkraineAllegian...

大字 (数字)

この項目には、一部のコンピュータや閲覧ソフトで表示できない文字が含まれています（詳細）。 数字の大字（だいじ）は、漢数字の一種。通常用いる単純な字形の漢数字（小字）の代わりに同じ音の別の漢字を用いるものである。 概要 壱万円日本銀行券（「壱」が大字） 弐千円日本銀行券（「弐」が大字） 漢数字には「一」「二」「三」と続く小字と、「壱」「�...

 

 

Départements du Gabon

Cet article est une ébauche concernant le Gabon. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Départements du Gabon Ce tableau recense les départements du Gabon[1] avec leur chef-lieu et leur population. Deux départements ont été créés en avril 2006 ; il s'agit de Cap Estérias et du Komo Océan, créés à partir d'un partionnement du Komo-Mondah[2]. Le 21 février 2013, le département de Cap E...

 

 

Tad Wieman

Tad WiemanWieman from the 1925 MichiganensianBiographical detailsBorn(1896-10-04)October 4, 1896Orosi, California, U.S.DiedDecember 26, 1971(1971-12-26) (aged 75)Portland, Oregon, U.S.Playing career1915–1917Michigan1920Michigan Position(s)End, tackle, fullbackCoaching career (HC unless noted)1921–1926Michigan (assistant)1927–1928Michigan1930–1931Minnesota (first assistant / line)1932–1937Princeton (assistant)1938–1942Princeton1944–1945Columbia (assistant) Administrative car...

Colt House Revolver

Revolver Colt House Revolver TypeRevolverPlace of originUnited StatesProduction historyDesigned1870/71ManufacturerColt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing CompanyProduced1871–1876SpecificationsCartridge.41 RimfireActionSingle-action revolverFeed system4-5-shot Cylinder A view of a Cloverleaf Model Revolver .41 rimfire The Colt House Revolver (also called, in its alternate 4-round capacity model, the Cloverleaf) was one of the first metallic cartridge rear-loading revolvers to be ...

 

 

Cody Ko

Canadian internet personality (born 1990) Cody KoKo in June 2023BornCody Michael Kolodziejzyk (1990-11-22) 22 November 1990 (age 33)Calgary, Alberta, CanadaOccupationsYouTuberpodcastercomedianrapperSpouse Kelsey Kreppel ​(m. 2023)​Children1RelativesGreg Kolodziejzyk (father)Musical careerGenres Hip hop Years active2017–presentLabels Arista Records Member ofTiny Meat Gang Musical artistYouTube informationChannel Cody Ko Years active2014–presentGenres ...

 

 

Live Facelift

1991 live album and video by Alice in ChainsLive FaceliftLive album and video by Alice in ChainsReleasedVHS:  July 30, 1991[1] Vinyl:  November 25, 2016[2]RecordedDecember 22, 1990[2]VenueMoore Theatre, Seattle, Washington[2]GenreHeavy metal, alternative metal, grunge, hard rockLengthVHS:  105 min Vinyl:  29 min LabelColumbiaDirectorJosh TaftProducerLisanne DuttonAlice in Chains chronology Live Facelift(1991) The Nona Tapes(1...

Stasiun MRT Kovan

 NE13 Stasiun MRT Kovan高文地铁站கோவன்Angkutan cepatPeron bebas kolom stasiun MRT NE13 KovanLokasi900 Upper Serangoon RoadSingapura 534799Koordinat1°21′37″N 103°53′06″E / 1.360214°N 103.884864°E / 1.360214; 103.884864Jalur  Jalur Timur Laut Jumlah peronPulauJumlah jalur2LayananBus, TaksiKonstruksiJenis strukturBawah tanahTinggi peron2Akses difabelYesInformasi lainKode stasiunNE13SejarahDibuka20 Juni 2003Operasi layanan Sta...

 

 

Gabriel Knight 3: Il mistero di Rennes-le-Château

Gabriel Knight 3: Il mistero di Rennes-le-ChâteauvideogiocoTitolo originaleGabriel Knight 3 - Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned PiattaformaWindows Data di pubblicazione19 novembre 1999 GenereAvventura grafica OrigineStati Uniti SviluppoSierra Entertainment PubblicazioneSierra Entertainment DesignJane Jensen Modalità di giocoGiocatore singolo Supporto3 CD-ROM Preceduto daGabriel Knight 2: The Beast Within Gabriel Knight 3: Il mistero di Rennes-le-Château, sottotitolato Il mistero mac...

 

 

FM4

Austrian national youth radio station For other uses, see FM4 (disambiguation). FM4Broadcast areaAustriaSouth TyrolBavariaSouth MoraviaProgrammingLanguage(s)English, GermanOwnershipOwnerORFHistoryFirst air date16 January 1995 (1995-01-16)LinksWebcastweb streamWebsitefm4.orf.at FM4 is an Austrian national radio station operated by the ORF. Its main target is the youth audience, and much of the music output is characterised by an alternative rock and electronic music slant. Progr...

List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1973

These are the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1973. The longest running number one single of 1973 is Killing Me Softly With His Song by Roberta Flack which stayed at the top spot for five non-consecutive weeks. That year, 14 acts earned their first number one, such as Carly Simon, Elton John, The O'Jays, Vicki Lawrence, The Edgar Winter Group, Wings, Jim Croce, Maureen McGovern, Stories, Grand Funk, Gladys Knight & the Pips, and Charlie Rich. Jim Croce is the third person to hit ...

 

 

La moglie più bella

La moglie più bellaAlessio Orano (Vito Juvara) ed Ornella Muti (Francesca Cimarosa) in una sequenza del filmLingua originaleItaliano Paese di produzioneItalia Anno1970 Durata108 min Rapporto2,35:1 Generedrammatico RegiaDamiano Damiani SceneggiaturaEnrico Ribulsi e Sofia Scandurra Casa di produzioneP.A.C., Explorer Film '58 Distribuzione in italianoP.A.C. MontaggioAntonio Siciliano MusicheEnnio Morricone (dirette da Bruno Nicolai) ScenografiaUmberto Turco Interpreti e personaggi Ornella Muti:...

 

 

2018 European Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres hurdles

Women's 400 metres hurdles at the 2018 European Athletics ChampionshipsVenueOlympic StadiumLocationBerlinDatesAugust 7 (round 1)August 8 (semifinals)August 10 (final)Competitors33 from 19 nationsWinning time54.33Medalists  Léa Sprunger    Switzerland Hanna Ryzhykova   Ukraine Meghan Beesley   Great Britain← 20162022 → 2018 EuropeanAthletics ChampionshipsTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 ...

Kabin Buri railway station

Railway station in Kabin, Thailand This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kabin Buriกบินทร์บุรีKabin Buri StationGeneral informationLocationKabin Subdistrict, Kabin Buri District, PrachinburiOwned byState Railway of ThailandLine(s)Eastern...

 

 

June

Sixth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars This article is about the month. For other uses, see June (disambiguation). The celebration of Midsummer (June solstice) in Norway with a bonfire << June >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30   2024 June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars—the latter the most widely used calendar in the world. June is 30 days long, an...