Te Rauparaha

Te Rauparaha
Sketch of Te Rauparaha
Bornc. 1768
Kāwhia, Waikato
Died27 November 1849 (age 80–81)
Ōtaki, Colony of New Zealand
Buried
Rangiātea Church, Ōtaki, probably reinterred on Kapiti Island
AllegianceNgāti Toa
Years of service1819–1848
Battles / wars

Te Rauparaha (c. 1768 – 27 November 1849)[1][2] was a Māori rangatira, warlord, and chief of the Ngāti Toa iwi. One of the most powerful military leaders of the Musket Wars, Te Rauparaha fought a war of conquest that greatly expanded Ngāti Toa southwards, receiving the epithet "the Napoleon of the South". He remains one of the most prominent and celebrated New Zealand historical figures.

Born in Kāwhia in the 1760s, he participated in land sale and negotiations with the New Zealand Company at the beginning of the colonisation of New Zealand. Te Rauparaha's conquests eventually extended Ngāti Toa authority from Miria-te-kakara at Rangitikei to Wellington, and across Cook Strait to Wairau and Nelson.[3]

An early signatory to the Treaty of Waitangi, Te Rauparaha was later central to the Wairau Affray in the Marlborough District, considered by many to be the first of the conflicts in the New Zealand Wars. Before he died he directed the building of Rangiātea Church in Ōtaki, a town north of Wellington conquered by Ngāti Toa.

Te Rauparaha transformed Ngāti Toa from a small regional tribe to one of the richest and most powerful in New Zealand, permanently changing Māori tribal structures.[4] He was also an accomplished composer of haka with "Ka Mate" being well known due to its performance in sport.[5] In 2005, a panel of historians and journalists ranked Te Rauparaha 16th out of the 100 most influential figures in New Zealand history.

Early days

Te Rauparaha's mother was Parekōwhatu (Parekōhatu) of the Ngāti Raukawa iwi and his father was Werawera of Ngāti Toa.[1] He is thought to have been born in the late 1760s[6] in Kāwhia in the Waikato.[7]

Migration

In 1822 Ngāti Toa and related tribes were being forced out of their land around Kāwhia after years of fighting with various Waikato tribes often led by Te Wherowhero. Led by Te Rauparaha they began a fighting retreat or migration southwards (this migration was called Te-Heke-Tahu-Tahu-ahi), conquering hapū and iwi as they went south. This campaign ended with Ngāti Toa controlling the southern part of the North Island and particularly the strategically placed Kapiti Island, which became the tribal stronghold for a period.[8] The conquests eventually extended Ngāti Toa authority from Miria-te-kakara at Rangitikei to Wellington, and across Cook Strait to Wairau and Nelson.[3]

In 1824 an estimated 2,000 to 3,000 warriors, making up a coalition of tribes from the East Coast, Whanganui, the Horowhenua, southern Taranaki[9] and Te Wai Pounamu (the South Island), assembled at Waikanae, with the object of taking Kapiti Island. Crossing in a flotilla of war canoes under cover of darkness, they were met as they disembarked by a force of Ngāti Toa fighters led or reinforced by Te Rauparaha. The ensuing Battle of Waiorua, at the northern end of the island, ended with the rout and slaughter of the landing attackers who were disadvantaged by difficult terrain and weather plus divided leadership.[10] This decisive victory left Te Rauparaha and the Ngāti Toa able to dominate Kapiti and the adjacent mainland.[10]

Trade and further conquest

Following the Battle of Waiorua, Te Rauparaha began a series of almost annual campaigns into the South Island with the object in part of seizing the sources of the valuable mineral greenstone. Between 1827 and 1831 he was able to extend the control of Ngāti Toa and their allies over the northern part of the Southern Island.[11] His base for these sea-based raids remained Kapiti.

During this period Pākehā whaling stations became established in the region with Te Rauparaha's encouragement and the participation of many Māori. Some Māori women married Pākehā whalers and a lucrative two-way trade of supplies for muskets was established, thereby increasing Te Rauparaha's mana and military strength. By the early 1830s Te Rauparaha had defeated a branch of the Rangitane iwi in the Wairau Valley and gained control over that area.

Te Rauparaha then hired the brig Elizabeth, captained by John Stewart, to transport himself and approximately 100 warriors to Akaroa Harbour with the aim of attacking the local tribe, Ngāi Tahu.[12] Hidden below deck Te Rauparaha and his men captured the Ngāi Tahu chieftain Tamaiharanui, his wife and daughter when they boarded the brig at Stewart's invitation. Several hundred of the Ngāi Tahu were killed both on the Elizabeth and during a surprise landing the next morning. During the voyage back to Kapiti the chief strangled his own daughter Nga Roimata, to save her from expected abuse.[13] Te Rauparaha was incensed and following their arrival at Kapiti the parents and other prisoners were killed, Tamaiharanui after prolonged torture.[14]

Te Rauparaha Memorial in Ōtaki, commissioned by Te Rauparaha's son Tāmihana

In 1831 he took the major Ngāi Tahu pā at Kaiapoi after a three-month siege,[15][16] and shortly after took Onawe Pā in the Akaroa harbour, but these and other battles in the south were in the nature of revenge (utu) raids rather than for control of territory. Further conquests to the south were brought to a halt by a severe outbreak of measles and the growing strength of the southern hapu who worked closely with the growing European whaling community in coastal Otago and at Bluff.

A whaling captain John William Dundas Blenkinsop created a fraudulent deed of purchase for the Wairau Valley that was signed in October 1832 by proxy for Te Rauparaha by his brother Mahuranghi.[17] Te Rauaparaha understood the document to be for water and timber from the Wairau for Blenkinsop, for a one-off payment of an 18-pound cannon.[17] After this deed was purchased by the New Zealand Company it led to the Wairau Affray in 1843.[18] When a party from Nelson tried to arrest Te Rauparaha and Te Rangihaeta (another Ngāti Toa chief) there was some fighting with loss of life. Twenty two of the arresting party were killed, in part because of the death of Te Rongo, Te Rangihaeata's wife. The subsequent government enquiry exonerated Te Rauparaha which angered settlers who began a campaign to have the governor, Robert FitzRoy recalled.[17][18]

European settlement

The last years of Te Rauparaha's life saw the most dramatic changes. On 16 October 1839 the New Zealand Company expedition commanded by Col William Wakefield arrived at Kapiti. They were seeking to buy vast areas of land with a view to forming a permanent European settlement. Te Rauparaha sold them some land in the area that became known later as Nelson and Golden Bay.

Te Rauparaha had requested that Rev. Henry Williams send a missionary and in November 1839 Octavius Hadfield travelled with Henry Williams, and Hadfield established an Anglican mission on the Kapiti Coast.[19]

On 14 May 1840 Te Rauparaha signed a copy of the Treaty of Waitangi, believing that the treaty would guarantee him and his allies the possession of territories gained by conquest over the previous 18 years. On 19 June of that year, he signed another copy of the treaty, when Major Thomas Bunbury insisted that he do so.[1]

Capture

Te Rauparaha, contemporary sketch

In May 1846 fighting broke out in the Hutt Valley between settlers and Te Rauparaha's nephew, Te Rangihaeata.[20] Despite his declared neutrality, Te Rauparaha was arrested after the British captured secret letters from Te Rauparaha which showed he was playing a double game. He was charged with supplying weapons to Māori who were in open insurrection. He was captured near a tribal village Taupo Pā in what would later be called Plimmerton, by troops acting for the Governor, George Grey, and held without trial under martial law before being exiled to Auckland where he was held in the ship Calliope.[1]

His son, Tāmihana, was studying Christianity in Auckland and Te Rauparaha gave him a solemn message that their iwi should not take utu against the government. Tāmihana returned to his rohe to stop a planned uprising. Tāmihana sold the Wairau land to the government for 3,000 pounds.[1] Grey spoke to Te Rauparaha and persuaded him to give up all outstanding claims to land in the Wairau valley. Then, realising that Te Rauparaha was old and sick, Grey allowed him to return to his people at Ōtaki in 1848.

Rangiātea Church

In Ōtaki after his release from captivity, Te Rauparaha provided the materials and labour at his pā for the construction of Rangiātea Church, which was completed in 1851. It later became the oldest Māori church in the country. It was known for its unique mix of Māori and English church design.[21] Te Rauparaha did not live to see the church completed.

Death and legacy

Te Rauparaha died on 27 November 1849.

Te Rauparaha composed "Ka Mate" while hiding on Motuopihi Island in Lake Rotoaira as a celebration of life over death after his lucky escape from pursuing enemies.[22][23][24] This haka or challenge, has become the most common performed by the Kiwis, the All Blacks and many other New Zealand sports teams before international matches.

Te Rauparaha's son Tāmihana was strongly influenced by missionary teaching,[25][26] especially Octavius Hadfield. He left for England in December 1850 and was presented to Queen Victoria in 1852. After his return he was one of the Māori to create the idea of a Māori king. However he broke away from the king movement and later became a harsh critic when the movement became involved with the Taranaki-based anti-government fighter Wiremu Kingi.[1]

Tāmihana wrote biography of Te Rauparaha between 1866 and 1869 that was held in the Sir George Grey Special Collections at Auckland Libraries. This biography was translated by Ross Calman and published by Auckland University Press in 2020 called He pukapuka tātaku i ngā mahi a Te Rauparaha nui / A record of the life of the great Te Rauparaha.[27]

Another biography of Te Rauparaha was one published in the early 20th century. It was written by William Travers and was called the Stirring Times of Te Rauparaha.[28]

A memorial to Te Rauparaha is established in Ōtaki and Te Rauparaha Arena in Porirua is named after him.

In 2005, a panel of historians and journalists ranked Te Rauparaha 16th out of the 100 most influential figures in New Zealand history.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Oliver, Steven. "Te Rauparaha – Biography". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  2. ^ "Te Rauparaha – New Zealand in History". history-nz.org. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  3. ^ a b [NZETC: HISTORY AND TRADITIONS OF THE MAORIS OF THE WEST COAST, NORTH ISLAND OF NEW ZEALAND, PRIOR TO 1840 – Ngati-Ira of Port Nicholson. p408-410]
  4. ^ Steven Oliver. 'Te Rauparaha', Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, first published in 1990. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1t74/te-rauparaha (accessed 9 April 2024)
  5. ^ Jackson, SJ; Hokowhitu, B (2002). "Sport, Tribes, and Technology: The New Zealand All Blacks Haka and the Politics of Identity". Journal of Sport and Social Issues. 26 (2): 125–139. doi:10.1177/0193723502262002. ISSN 0193-7235. S2CID 144368028.
  6. ^ "Te Rauparaha". my.christchurchcitylibraries.com. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  7. ^ "Taonga". Ngāti Toa Rangatira. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  8. ^ "The Church Missionary Gleaner, December 1851". The Contrast. Adam Matthew Digital. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  9. ^ Chris Maclean, p.110, "Kapiti", ISBN 0-473-06166-X
  10. ^ a b Chris Maclean, p.113, "Kapiti", ISBN 0-473-06166-X
  11. ^ Chris Maclean, p.115 "Kapiti", ISBN 0-473-06166-X
  12. ^ White, John (1890). The Ancient History of the Maori, His Mythology and Traditions: Tai-Nui [Vol VI]. Wellington: Government Printer, New Zealand Electronic Text Collection. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  13. ^ Chris Maclean, p.22 "Waikanae", ISBN 978-0-473-16597-0
  14. ^ Chris Maclean, pp. 129–130 "Kapiti", ISBN 0-473-06166-X. The deaths of Tamaiharanui, his kindred and Nga Roimata are narrated in Alistair Campbell's poem Reflections on Some Great Chiefs
  15. ^ "The Kaiapoi Pa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 June 2010.
  16. ^ "Kaiapoi – Tī Kōuka Whenua – Māori". Archived from the original on 27 September 2006.
  17. ^ a b c "Dirty deeds done dirt cheap! part two". Te Papa’s Blog. 10 July 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  18. ^ a b "The Blenkinsop Indenture: Dirty deeds done dirt cheap!". Te Papa’s Blog. 12 June 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  19. ^ "The Church Missionary Gleaner, March 1842". Remarkable Introduction and Rapid Extension of the Gospel in the Neighbourhood of Cook's Straits. Adam Matthew Digital. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  20. ^ Musket Wars. R.Crosby, p.40 Reed. 1999
  21. ^ "The Building of Rangiātea". National Library of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 9 December 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
  22. ^ Pōmare, Mīria (12 February 2014). "Ngāti Toarangatira – Chant composed by Te Rauparaha". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  23. ^ "Haka Ka Mate Attribution Act 2014 Guidelines" (PDF). Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  24. ^ "Motuopihi Island". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  25. ^ Stock, Eugene (1913). "The Story of the New Zealand Mission". Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  26. ^ "The Church Missionary Gleaner, April 1851". New-Zealand Chiefs in Committee Drawing Up a Reply to the Society's Jubilee Letter. Adam Matthew Digital. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  27. ^ Te Rauparaha, Tāmihana (2020). He pukapuka tātaku i ngā mahi a Te Rauparaha nui : A record of the life of the great Te Rauparaha / translated and edited by Ross Calman. Auckland University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9781776710591.
  28. ^ Travers, W.T. Locke (1906). The stirring times of Te Rauparaha (Chief of the Ngatitoa). Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs. Retrieved 19 June 2020.

Media related to Te Rauparaha at Wikimedia Commons

Read other articles:

Tizen

Tizen OSTangkapan layar Tizen 2.2 beta pada ponsel pintar (2013)[1]Perusahaan / pengembangSamsung ElectronicsDiprogram dalamHTML5, C, C++KeluargaMirip UnixStatus terkiniCurrentModel sumberOpen source with proprietary componentsRilis perdana5 Januari 2012; 12 tahun lalu (2012-01-05)Rilis stabil terkini6M2 / 27 Oktober 2020; 3 tahun lalu (2020-10-27)[2]Rilis tak-stabil terkini5.5 M2[3] / 27 November 2019; 4 tahun lalu (2019-11-27)Repositorireview.tize...

 

 

Geamăna

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Geamăna (disambiguasi). Geamana, Alba Geamăna [ˈd͡ʒeaməna] (nama lama Sasavința atau Șasavința; Hongaria: Szászavinccode: hu is deprecated atau Szászpataka)[1] adalah sebuah desa[2] yang terletak di Provinsi Alba di wilayah Transilvania, Rumania. Pada musim semi tahun 1977, para prospektor yang mewakili pemerintahan komunis Nicolae Ceaușescu meminta para penduduk desa ini untuk pindah ke tempat lain karena pemerintah ingin menjadikan lemb...

 

 

Lithium toxicity

Medical conditionLithium toxicityOther namesLithium overdose, lithium poisoningA bottle of lithium capsulesSpecialtyToxicologySymptomsTremor, increased reflexes, trouble walking, explosive diarrhea, kidney problems, altered level of consciousness[1]ComplicationsSerotonin syndrome, brain damage[1]TypesAcute, chronic, acute on chronic[1]CausesExcessive intake, decreased excretion[1]Risk factorsDehydration, low sodium diet, kidney problems[1]Diagnostic met...

Princess Tutu

Japanese anime television series Princess TutuDVD coverプリンセスチュチュ(Purinsesu Chuchu)GenreMagical girl[1]Created byIkuko Itoh Anime television seriesDirected byJunichi Sato (chief)Shogo KoumotoProduced byAtsushi MoriyamaTomoko KawasakiMasafumi FukuiTaiji SuinouYoshiaki MatsumotoShironori KawasakiWritten byMichiko YokoteMusic byKaoru WadaStudioHal Film MakerLicensed byAUS: Madman Entertainment (expired)NA: ADV Films (former)AEsir Holdings (f...

 

 

Darío Felman

Argentine footballer and manager Darío Felman Personal informationFull name Darío Luis FelmanDate of birth (1951-10-25) October 25, 1951 (age 72)[1]Place of birth Mendoza, ArgentinaPosition(s) StrikerSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1970–1973 Gimnasia de Mendoza 1973–1974 Independiente Rivadavia 1975–1978 Boca Juniors 103 (25)1978–1983 Valencia 121 (18)1984 Gimnasia de Mendoza International career1977 Argentina 1 (0)Managerial career2003–2004 Independiente Rivadavia...

 

 

Arvid Carlsson

Arvid Carlsson (2011) Premio Wolf per la medicina 1979 Premio Nobel per la medicina 2000 Arvid Carlsson (Uppsala, 25 gennaio 1923 – Göteborg, 29 giugno 2018) è stato un medico e neuroscienziato svedese. Arvid Carlsoon si laurea nel 1951 all'Università di Lund (Svezia) dove nel 1956 diviene professore di Farmacologia. Nel 1959 ottiene il ruolo di professore e preside presso il reparto di Farmacologia all'Università di Göteborg. Nel 1979 riceve il Premio Wolf per la medicina insieme ...

Gordon Chisholm

Scottish footballer and manager Gordon Chisholm Chisholm outside Palmerston Park, Dumfries.Personal informationFull name Gordon William Chisholm[1]Date of birth (1960-04-08) 8 April 1960 (age 64)Place of birth Glasgow, ScotlandPosition(s) Central defenderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1978–1985 Sunderland 197 (10)1985–1987 Hibernian 59 (4)1987–1992 Dundee 155 (15)1992 Partick Thistle 9 (0)Managerial career2005–2006 Dundee United2007–2010 Queen of the South2010 Dunde...

 

 

Alstom Coradia

Family of diesel and electric multiple units This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (January 2023) Alstom CoradiaA Coradia Polyvalent train built by Alstom.ManufacturerAlstomSpecificationsPrime mover(s)4 6 MAN D2676LE62XTrack gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge The Alstom Coradia is a family of diesel and...

 

 

Henagon

Pada lingkaran, Segi satu adalah sebuah tessellasi dengan titik tunggal, dan satu 360-derajat busur. Dalam geometri, Henagon (atau Segi satu) adalah sebuah segi banyak atau poligon dengan satu sisi dan satu titik sudut. Sebuah henagon beraturan memiliki simbol Schläfli {1}. Karena henagon hanya memiliki satu sisi dan satu sudut interior, henagon teratur dijelaskan oleh definisi. Dalam geometri Euclidean Dalam geometri Euclidean Segi satu yang biasanya dianggap sebagai objek yang tidak mungki...

M.O.N.T

M.O.N.TM.O.N.T di Hongdae, Maret 2019Informasi latar belakangAsalPulau Ganghwa, Incheon, Korea SelatanGenreK-pop, dansaTahun aktif2017 (2017)–kiniLabelFMSitus webwww.flymusicent.comAnggota Narachan Roda Bitsaeon M.O.N.T (Hangul: 몬트) adalah sebuah grup idola Korea Selatan yang menjalin kontrak dengan FM Entertainment. Grup tersebut awalnya debut sebagai trio yang terdiri dari Narachan, rapper Roda, dan vokalis utama Bitsaeon. Pada 2017, M.O.N.T merilis singel digital Sorry ...

 

 

哈比卜·布尔吉巴

哈比卜·布尔吉巴الحبيب بورقيبة‎第1任突尼斯总统任期1957年7月25日—1987年11月7日（30年105天）总理巴希·拉德加姆（英语：Bahi Ladgham）（1969年－1970年）赫迪·努伊拉（英语：Hedi Nouira）（1970年－1980年）穆罕默德·姆扎利（英语：Mohammed Mzali）（1980年－1986年）拉希德·斯法尔（英语：Rachid Sfar）（1986年－1987年）宰因·阿比丁·本·阿里（1987年）继任宰因·阿比丁·本·...

 

 

土库曼斯坦总统

土库曼斯坦总统土库曼斯坦国徽土库曼斯坦总统旗現任谢尔达尔·别尔德穆哈梅多夫自2022年3月19日官邸阿什哈巴德总统府（Oguzkhan Presidential Palace）機關所在地阿什哈巴德任命者直接选举任期7年，可连选连任首任萨帕尔穆拉特·尼亚佐夫设立1991年10月27日 土库曼斯坦土库曼斯坦政府与政治 国家政府 土库曼斯坦宪法 国旗 国徽 国歌 立法機關（英语：National Council of Turkmenistan） ...

Hendricks, West Virginia

Town in West Virginia, United StatesHendricks, West VirginiaTownLocation of Hendricks in Tucker County, West Virginia.Coordinates: 39°4′30″N 79°37′53″W / 39.07500°N 79.63139°W / 39.07500; -79.63139CountryUnited StatesStateWest VirginiaCountyTuckerArea[1] • Total0.35 sq mi (0.90 km2) • Land0.34 sq mi (0.89 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.01 km2)Elevation1,716 ft (523...

 

 

Carola Höhn

German actress (1910–2005) Carola HöhnBornKaroline Minna Höhn(1910-01-30)30 January 1910Geestemünde, Province of Hanover, Prussia, German EmpireDied8 November 2005(2005-11-08) (aged 95)GrünwaldOccupationActressYears active1928–2000 Carola Höhn (30 January 1910 – 8 November 2005) was a German actress. Selected filmography Film The Weekend Bride (1928) Don Juan in a Girls' School (1928) From a Bachelor's Diary (1929) Youthful Indiscretion (1929) The Living Corpse (1929) Cha...

 

 

Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia

Part of a series on theCOVID-19 pandemicScientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each ball is an atom. COVID-19 (disease) SARS-CoV-2 (virus) Cases Deaths Timeline 2019 2020 January responses February responses March responses April responses May responses June responses July responses August responses September responses October responses November responses December responses 2021 January responses February responses March responses April responses May re...

Dante Alighieri

Italian poet, writer, and philosopher (1265–1321) Dante redirects here. For other uses, see Dante (disambiguation). Dante AlighieriPosthumous portrait in temperaby Sandro Botticelli, 1495BornDurante di Alighiero degli Alighieri[a]c. May 1265[1]Florence, Republic of FlorenceDied(1321-09-14)September 14, 1321(aged c. 56)Ravenna, Papal StatesResting placeTomb of Dante, RavennaOccupationStatesmanpoetlanguage theoristpolitical theoristLanguageItalian (Tuscan)LatinNati...

 

 

Liberal arts education

Traditional academic course in Western higher education Liberal arts redirects here. For other uses, see Liberal arts (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Humanities. Philosophia et septem artes liberales, philosophy and the seven liberal arts. From the Hortus deliciarum of Herrad of Landsberg (12th century) Liberal arts education (from Latin liberalis 'free' and ars 'art or principled practice')[1] is the traditional academic course in Western higher ...

 

 

Olivier Kaisen

Olivier KaisenOlivier Kaisen nel 2007Nazionalità Belgio Ciclismo SpecialitàStrada Termine carriera2014 CarrieraSquadre di club 2003Quick Step GS32004Beveren 20002005 RAGT Semences2006 Davitamon2007 Predictor2008-2009 Silence-Lotto2010-2011 Omega Pharma2012-2014 Lotto Nazionale 2011 Belgio Carriera da allenatore 2016 Wallonie Bruxelles2017-2018 WB Aqua Protect2019-Wallonie-Bruxelles DT2019 Wallonie Bruxelles2020- Bingoal WB Statistiche a...

Lands administrative divisions of Australia

Cadastral divisions of Australia for land identification purposes   No counties, parishes or hundreds.   Former counties, no further divisions.   Counties, divided into hundreds.   Counties, divided into parishes.   Districts, partially divided into suburbs. (Australian Capital Territory only)   Land districts (formerly counties), divided into parishes, and formerly with hundreds.   Counties, divided into parishes, and form...

 

 

Course Croisière EDHEC

Pour les articles homonymes, voir CCE. Course Croisière EDHEC Logo de la Course Croisière EDHEC.Généralités Sport Voile, raid nature, sports de plage Création 1969 Organisateur(s) Association Course Croisière EDHEC Éditions 56e édition du 12 au 21 avril 2024 Périodicité Annuelle Lieu(x) Port Olona — Les Sables d'Olonne Date Du 12 au 21 avril 2024 Nations 23 Participants 3 200 Site web officiel Course Croisière EDHEC modifier La Course Croisière EDHEC (CCE) est une compét...