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Takaki Kanehiro
高木兼寛
Takaki Kanehiro; 高木兼寛
	Takaki Kanehiro
Born	30 October 1849; Takaoka, Hyūga Province, Satsuma Domain, Tokugawa shogunate
Died	12 April 1920 (aged 70); Tokyo, Empire of Japan
Nationality	Japanese
Known for	naval physician

Baron Takaki Kanehiro (高木兼寛, 30 October 1849 – 12 April 1920) was a Japanese naval physician. He is known for his work on preventing the vitamin deficiency disease beriberi among sailors in the Japanese navy, who had been living mainly on white rice.

Early life

Born in Takaoka-cho, Hyūga Province (present-day Miyazaki Prefecture) as the son of a samurai retainer to the Satsuma domain, Takaki Kanehiro studied Chinese medicine as a youth and served as a medic in the Boshin War. He later studied western medical science under British doctor William Willis (in Japan 1861–1881). Takaki entered the Imperial Japanese Navy as a medical officer in 1872. He was sent to Great Britain for medical studies in 1875, and interned at St Thomas's Hospital Medical School now part of King's College London in London. He returned to Japan in 1880.^[1]

Work on beriberi

At the time, beriberi (considered endemic to Japan) was a serious problem on warships and was affecting naval efficiency. Takaki knew that beriberi was not common among Western navies. He also noticed that Japanese naval officers, whose diet consisted of various types of vegetables and meat, rarely suffered from beriberi. On the other hand, the disease was common among ordinary crewmen, whose diet consisted almost exclusively of white rice (which was supplied free, whereas other foods had to be purchased). Many crewmen from poor families, who had to send money back home, often tried to save money by eating nothing but rice.^[1]

In 1883 Takaki learned of a high incidence of beriberi among cadets on a training mission from Japan to Hawaii, via New Zealand and South America that lasted for 9 months. On board, 169 men out of 376 developed the disease and 25 died. Takaki made a petition to Emperor Meiji to fund an experiment with an improved diet for the seamen that included more barley, meat, milk, bread and vegetables. He succeeded, and in 1884, another mission took the same route, but this time only sixteen beriberi cases among 333 seamen were reported. This experiment convinced the Imperial Japanese Navy that poor diet was the prime factor in beriberi, and the disease was soon eliminated from the fleet.^[2]

Takaki's success occurred ten years before Christiaan Eijkman, working in Batavia, advanced his theory that beriberi was caused by a nutritional deficiency, with his later identification of vitamin B₁ earning Eijkman the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.^[3]

Although Takaki clearly established that the cause was due to nutritional issues, this conflicted with the prevailing idea among medical scientists that beriberi was an infectious disease. The Imperial Japanese Army, which was dominated by Mori Ōgai and other doctors from Tokyo Imperial University, persisted in their belief that beriberi was an infectious disease, and refused to implement a remedy for decades. In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, over 200,000 soldiers suffered from beriberi – 27,000 fatally, compared to 47,000 deaths from combat.^[4]

In 1905, Takaki was ennobled with the title of danshaku (baron) under the kazoku peerage system for his contribution of eliminating beriberi from the Imperial Japanese Navy, and also awarded the Order of the Rising Sun (first class). He was later affectionately nicknamed "Barley Baron".^[1]

Takaki founded the Sei-I-Kwai medical society in January 1881. In May, 1881, he founded the Sei-I-Kwai Koshujo (Sei-I-Kwai Medical Training School), now the Jikei University School of Medicine. Takaki's school was the first private medical college in Japan, and was the first in Japan to have students dissect human cadavers.

Takaki was posthumously honored by having a peninsula in Antarctica at 65°33′S 64°34′W / 65.550°S 64.567°W / -65.550; -64.567 named "Takaki Promontory" in his honor. It is the only peninsula in Antarctica named after a Japanese person.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Sugiyama, Yoshifumi; Seita, Akihiro (29 July 2013). "Kanehiro Takaki and the control of beriberi in the Japanese Navy". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 106 (8): 332–334. doi:10.1177/0141076813497889. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 3725862. PMID 23897451.
^ Yoji, Yamazaki (2008). "Kanehiro Takaki : The Great Naval Surgeon Nicknamed the "Barley Baron"". 日本腹部救急医学会雑誌. 28. CiNii. doi:10.11231/jaem.28.873. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
^ "Christiaan Eijkman - Nobel Lecture: Antineuritic Vitamin and Beriberi".
^ Bay, Alexander (2011). "Ōgai Mori rintarō to kakkefunsō 鴎外森林太郎と脚気紛争 [Mori Ōgai and the Beriberi Dispute] (review)". East Asian Science, Technology and Society. 5 (4): 573–579. doi:10.1215/18752160-1458784. ISSN 1875-2152. S2CID 222093508.

Sources

Bay, Alexander. "Beriberi in Modern Japan: The Making of a National Disease". University of Rochester Press (2012). ISBN 9781580464277.
Low, Morris. Building a Modern Japan: Science, Technology, and Medicine in the Meiji Era and Beyond. Palgrave Macmillan (2005). ISBN 1-4039-6832-2.
Matsuda, Makoto. Kakke o nakushita otoko Takaki Kanehiro den. Kodansha (1990). ISBN 4-06-204487-0.
Kenneth J. Carpenter. Beriberi, White Rice and Vitamin B. University of California Press.