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TAC1
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	2KS9, 2KSA, 2KSB, 4HOM,%%s2B19,%%s2B19
Identifiers
Aliases	TAC1, Hs.2563, NK2, TAC2, tachykinin precursor 1, NKNA, NPK
External IDs	OMIM: 162320; MGI: 98474; HomoloGene: 2394; GeneCards: TAC1; OMA:TAC1 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 7 (human)
End	97,740,472 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 6 (mouse)
End	7,565,834 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	spinal ganglia; ; external globus pallidus; ; endothelial cell; ; putamen; ; dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve; ; caudate nucleus; ; nucleus accumbens; ; middle frontal gyrus; ; trigeminal ganglion; ; superior vestibular nucleus;
	Top expressed in
	olfactory tubercle; ; nucleus accumbens; ; ventromedial nucleus; ; ventral tegmental area; ; dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus; ; mammillary body; ; anterior amygdaloid area; ; globus pallidus; ; habenula; ; superior frontal gyrus;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	protein binding; signaling receptor binding; substance P receptor binding;
Cellular component	plasma membrane; extracellular region; axon; soma; extracellular space;
Biological process	cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulus; response to yeast; associative learning; positive regulation of renal sodium excretion; positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration; cell-cell signaling; antibacterial humoral response; positive regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic; positive regulation of epithelial cell migration; positive regulation of ossification; positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic; negative regulation of heart rate; positive regulation of corticosterone secretion; regulation of blood pressure; positive regulation of action potential; response to morphine; response to lipopolysaccharide; long-term memory; response to pain; defense response to Gram-negative bacterium; positive regulation of saliva secretion; positive regulation of acute inflammatory response; insemination; response to hormone; sensory perception of pain; detection of abiotic stimulus; innate immune response; neuropeptide signaling pathway; positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation; positive regulation of stress fiber assembly; antifungal humoral response; defense response to Gram-positive bacterium; chemical synaptic transmission; inflammatory response; tachykinin receptor signaling pathway; antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide; killing of cells of other organism; G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	6863
	21333
	ENSG00000006128
	ENSMUSG00000061762
	P20366
	P41539
	NM_013998; NM_003182; NM_013996; NM_013997
	NM_009311; NM_001311060
	NP_003173; NP_054702; NP_054703; NP_054704
	NP_001297989; NP_033337
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Preprotachykinin-1, (abbreviated PPT-1, PPT-I, or PPT-A), is a precursor protein that in humans is encoded by the TAC1 gene.^[5]^[6]

Isoforms and derivatives

The protein has four isoforms—alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-PPT—which can variably undergo post-translational modification to produce neurokinin A (formerly known as substance K) and substance P.^[7]^[8] Alpha- and delta-PPT can only be modified to substance P, whereas beta- and gamma-PPT can produce both substance P and neurokinin A.^[9]

Neurokinin A can also be further modified to produce neuropeptide K (also known as neurokinin K) and neuropeptide gamma.^[10]

These hormones are thought to function as neurotransmitters which interact with nerve receptors and smooth muscle cells. They are known to induce behavioral responses and function as vasodilators and secretagogues. Alternative splicing of exons 4 and/or 6 produces four known products of undetermined significance.^[6]

Human basal ganglia

The nature and distribution of PPT-1 has been studied in the human basal ganglia. The protein is expressed evenly throughout the caudate and putamen, and 80 to 85% of it exists in the beta-PPT isoform. 15-20% of the protein is in the gamma-PPT isoform, while no alpha-PPT was detected at all.^[8]

Species comparison

In humans, beta-PPT is the dominant isoform in the brain, which contrasts with rats (predominantly gamma-PPT) and cows (alpha-PPT).^[8]

While both human and rat PPT-1 produce substance P and neurokinin A, humans produce more neuropeptide K, whereas rats produce more neuropeptide gamma. In cow brains, PPT-1 primarily encodes substance P, but not other neurokinin A-derived peptides.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000006128 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000061762 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Chiwakata C, Brackmann B, Hunt N, Davidoff M, Schulze W, Ivell R (May 1991). "Tachykinin (substance-P) gene expression in Leydig cells of the human and mouse testis". Endocrinology. 128 (5): 2441–8. doi:10.1210/endo-128-5-2441. PMID 1708336.
^ ^a ^b "Entrez Gene: TAC1 tachykinin, precursor 1 (substance K, substance P, neurokinin 1, neurokinin 2, neuromedin L, neurokinin alpha, neuropeptide K, neuropeptide gamma)".
^ Holzer, P. (1988-03-01). "Local effector functions of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerve endings: Involvement of tachykinins, calcitonin gene-related peptide and other neuropeptides". Neuroscience. 24 (3): 739–768. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(88)90064-4. PMID 3288903. S2CID 35325223.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bannon, Michael J.; Poosch, Michael S.; Haverstick, Doris M.; Anita, Mandal; Xue, Iris C. -H.; Shibata, Kazuhiko; Dragovic, Ljubisa J. (1992-01-01). "Preprotachykinin gene expression in the human basal ganglia: characterization of mRNAs and pre-mRNAs produced by alternate RNA splicing". Molecular Brain Research. 12 (1–3): 225–231. doi:10.1016/0169-328X(92)90088-S. PMID 1312203.
^ "MeSH Supplementary Concept: preprotachykinin". www.mentata.com. Retrieved 2016-05-19.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Takeda, Y; Krause, JE (Jan 1989). "Neuropeptide K potently stimulates salivary gland secretion and potentiates substance P-induced salivation". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 86 (1): 392–396. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86..392T. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.1.392. PMC 286471. PMID 2463627.

TAC1

Isoforms and derivatives

Human basal ganglia

Species comparison

References

Further reading